Conclusion CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

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CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter is divided into two sections, namely conclusion and suggestion. Conclusion section describes three points which are concluded from the research findings and discussion. Meanwhile, suggestion section provides some suggestions for some parties related to the result of the research.

A. Conclusion

The researcher draws the conclusion based on the findings and discussion of refusals used in 12 Years a Slave movie. The conclusion is presented below: 1. The first objective of the research is to identify the types of refusals performed by the characters in 12 Years a Slave. The data of the research are classified based on the classification of refusals proposed by Beebe, Takahashi, and Uliss-Welz. There are three types of refusals found in the movie. The types of refusals found in the movie are direct type, indirect type, and adjuncts to refusals. Indirect type becomes the main type of refusals which is performed by the characters. The characters prefer to perform indirect type since they want to emphasize that the request, offer, suggestion, or invitation is impossible to be performed. The distant relationship with the refusee also becomes the consideration of the characters in choosing indirect type of refusals. In addition, indirect type is performed as the characters try to maintain their relationship with the refusee. 2. The second objective is to describe the realizations of refusals. There are fifteen realizations of refusals which are categorized into direct type, indirect type, and adjuncts to refusals. Direct type consists of two realizations, namely performative and non-performative statement. Based on the data findings, the characters in 12 Years a Salve only employ non-performative statement. Non- performative statement is mostly used to refuse the request, offer, suggestion, or invitation from the refusee who has the same social level with the characters. The characters are not afraid to offend the refusee since they come from the same social level and have an intimate relationship. Indirect type consists of nine realizations. However, the characters in 12 Years of a Slave only perform five realizations. The realizations of indirect type found in the movie are the statement of an alternative, avoidance, excusereasonexplanation, the attempt to dissuade the interlocutor, and the statement of a principlephilosophy. The attempt to dissuade the interlocutor becomes the main realization of indirect type since the characters from a higher social level mostly perform the attempt to dissuade the interlocutor to show their superiority over the characters from the lower social level. There is one realization of adjuncts to refusals found in the movie, i.e. showing gratitudeappreciation. Adjuncts to refusals only occur in one datum because the characters rarely express their solidarity or respect due to their conflict with other characters. 3. The third objective of the research is to analyze the functions of refusals. There are eight functions of refusals found in 12 Years a Slave. Direct type has two functions, indirect type has five functions, and adjuncts to refusals have one function. The characters perform direct type in order to 1 show determination in refusing and 2 show unwillingness to comply with the request, offer, suggestion, or invitation. The main function of direct type is to show determination in refusing. By performing direct type, the characters express their determination to not comply with the request, offer, suggestion, or invitation. The characters show their determination when they are in a critical condition or when the request, offer, suggestion, or invitation is against their desire. On the other hand, the functions of indirect type include 1 negotiating the request, offer, suggestion, or invitation; 2 avoiding a conflict or ending an argument with the refusee; 3 demanding understanding from the refusee; 4 mocking the refusee or the request, offer, suggestion, or invitation; and 5 implying the unfairness of the request, offer, suggestion, or invitation. The dominant function of indirect type is demanding understanding from the refusee. The characters provide an explanation, excuse, or reason for not complying with the request, offer, suggestion, or invitation in order to ask for the refusee‘s understanding. The function of adjuncts to refusals found in 12 Years a Slave is to show gratitude to the refusee. The characters perform adjuncts to refusals in order to make their refusals more polite. Furthermore, adjuncts to refusals are employed by the characters since they want to show their gratitude to the refuse.

B. Suggestions