Labio-Velar Initials in Nong and Min Zhuang Li 1977, ch. 12 PT kw-, PCT kw- Li 1977, §12.1

3.4.11 Labio-Velar Initials in Nong and Min Zhuang Li 1977, ch. 12 PT kw-, PCT kw- Li 1977, §12.1

English Ch. PT Form Tone WSMLW YSKX GNBH MGXZ wjgwn MLPJD XCGJ WSLHL GNSFZ GNXGN FNBL npdgl wide 宽 kwaŋ C1 kaŋ⁴⁴ kaːŋ²², laːŋ³¹ kaːŋ²² kaːŋ²², laːŋ³¹ kaaŋ²² kʷaːŋ²², laːŋ³¹ kaːŋ²², laːŋ³¹ kaŋ⁵⁵ kʷaːŋ²² kʷaːŋ²², lɑːŋ³¹ kwaːŋ²² kuaːŋ³³ deer 鹿 kwaŋ A1 caŋ⁵⁵ ti²² caːŋ⁵⁵ ti²⁴kaːŋ²⁴, ti²⁴cɑːŋ⁵⁵ ti³³kaːŋ²⁴ tii⁴⁴kaaŋ¹⁴, tii⁴⁴naan⁵⁵ ti²²caŋ⁵⁵; ti²²ɟəŋ²⁴; ti²²kʷaːŋ²⁴ ti²²kaŋ²⁴ ti²² kaːŋ¹¹ ti³³ kʷaːŋ³⁵ ti²²jɯl³⁵, ti²²kʷɑŋ³⁵⁴; ti²²mɑ³³lu²² cf. Ch. 马鹿 nan⁵⁵ kuaŋ²⁴ For the labio-velar cluster PT kw- we see reflexes of k- and kw- in Nong locations and kw- in our single cognate example from Min Zhuang. Generally speaking, the labialization appears to be retained in the more eastern Nong areas Malipo and eastern Guangnan Counties, as well as in Min Zhuang. Of course, only shared innovations, not shared retentions, are of interest in studying the history of these languages, so the fact that both Min and some Nong areas have retained labialization here does not indicate a longer period of shared innovation between Eastern Nong and Min Zhuang. While it is possible that the palatal stop initial forms for “deer” in WSMLW, YSKX, and MLPJD also are cognate, the tone reflexes reflect the C2 tone rather than A1 and, at least for speakers at MLPJD, these are not true synonyms, as they represent different species of deer. 32 33 PT khw-, PCT khw- Li 1977, §12.2 English Ch. PT Form Tone WSMLW YSKX GNBH MGXZ wjgwn MLPJD XCGJ WSLHL GNSFZ GNXGN FNBL npdgl right side 右 边 姓 khwa A1 miɛn²²θa²⁴ paːi³¹sa²⁴ piŋ³³sa²⁴ paːi³¹θa²⁴ saa¹⁴ moŋ³³θa²⁴, hɛn³³θa²⁴ sa²⁴ paːi³¹ θa²² paːi³¹ sa³⁵ sa³⁵ θa³⁵ θa²⁴ Li only provided four example words for PT khw-, “right side,” “pellmell, in disorder, crossed,” “to cross, twisted,” and “vast, broad.” The only one of these for which we have data from all locations, “right side” khwa A1, does appear to be cognate with the Nong and Min forms, which have initials of s with another allophone of [ θ], with a consistent coda and tone. Interestingly, though Li writes, “In the CT dialects, it is also kept as khw-” 1977:237, in his example for Lungchow, the form is ɬaa A1. The alveolar lateral fricative is the corresponding phoneme to Nong’s s or θ, so it appears that the simplification of this cluster to an alveolar fricative occurred relatively early in Central Taic development. The item “vast, broad” appears to be a loanword from the Chinese 广 and is neither in our wordlist nor in that of Zhang et al. 1999. The Northwestern Nong pronunciation for this word is ː [kwaːŋ³³] PT khwaaŋ A1, which is not aspirated and is similar to the local Southwestern Mandarin pronunciation. The remaining two items appear to be derivations from the same root; Lis only examples were in Siamese and these differed only by toneme. The Northwestern Nong pronunciation for “twisted, crossed” “扭曲的、扭转的” is [k ʰʷai²²]. PT gw-, PCT gw- Li 1977, §12.3 English Ch. PT Form Tone WSMLW YSKX GNBH MGXZ wjgwn MLPJD XCGJ WSLHL GNSFZ GNXGN FNBL npdgl to throw 姓 gwVVŋ Luo 1997 B2 fiɛt⁵⁵ pəŋ⁵⁵ vit⁵⁵, viaŋ³¹ veŋ³¹ veŋ³¹, saw³¹ veŋ³¹,viɛŋ³¹ vieŋ³¹ fit⁵⁵ viɛŋ³¹ viaŋ³¹, ʔdɯ³³; ʔiɑŋ³¹; ʔdeo³³ ʔeːo²², ʔeu⁵³ liu⁵⁵; wɪt̚⁵⁵; ʋeŋ³¹ 32 33 MLPJD wordlist’s ti²²caŋ⁶⁶ means “a deer with large, straight horns”, ti²²ɟəŋ²⁴ is “a deer with branching horns”, and ti²²kwaːŋ²⁴ is “a spotted deer.” Again, it would have been preferable to have equipped ourselves with photographs of southeast Asian deer species in order to match Latin species names with each Nong word, but we did not have such a tool at the time. Our sole example for the voiced labio-velar PT cluster gw- is the word glossed “to throw” which Luo has identified as resulting from gw- with a B2 tone. In Nong Zhuang this normally has a reflex of v- in locations where a cognate form was elicited, though YSKX’s p ə ŋ⁵⁵ may also be cognate, though the tone is consistent with C2 rather than B2. We have no cognate Min Zhuang form. The forms beginning in a voiced or voiceless labial fricative and ending in an oral alveolar stop appear not to be cognate, as the tonal reflexes are not consistent with B2. Other Nong Zhuang words probably resulting from this PT initial include: “to search for” [k ʰa²⁴], [caː²ʔ⁴] from gwaa C2, Li 1977:239; “late in walking, walking awkwardly” [ kʷ ɛ³³] used of a three- or four-year-old child who still cannot walk well, probably from “lame” gwɛɛ A2, Li 1977:239. Assuming these latter two are true cognates with the gw- forms, then we have potential Nong reflexes of v-, kʰ, c- and kʷ- for this reflex. With such little data, no conclusion can be reached about the development of this PT intial. PT ŋw-, PCT ŋw- Li 1977, §12.4 English Ch. PT Form Tone WSMLW YSKX GNBH MGXZ wjgwn MLPJD XCGJ WSLHL GNSFZ GNXGN FNBL npdgl yesterday 昨 姓 ŋwan +ŋwən 姓 “day” A2 A2 ŋo³¹ wan³³ wan³³ŋa³³, van³³ŋa³³ wan³³ŋa³³ wan³³ŋa³³ ham³¹ŋaa⁴⁴ xɔn³³ŋʷa³³ wan³³ŋa³³ wan³³ ŋɔ²² wan³³ wa³³ hɔːn³³waː³³, hɔːn³³vɑː³³ van³³ŋʷ˩³³ wan⁵⁵wa⁵⁵ day 24 hours ，日子姓 ŋwən A2 wan³³ wan³³hən³³ wan³³ wan³³hən³³ van⁴⁴ wan³³, xɔn³³ wan³³ wan³³ wan³³ hɔːn³³niː³³, hɔːn³³luː³¹ hən³³van³³ wan⁵⁵ cow 牛 黄牛 姓 ŋwua A2 mo³³ ti²²mo³³ ti³³mɔ³³ waːi³³hɛn³³, ti²²mo³³ tii⁴moo⁴ ti²²mɔ³³ ti²²mɔ³³ ti²² mɔ³³ ti³³ mɔ³³ ti²²mɔː³³ mɔ³³ mo⁵⁵ For the nasal labio-velar PT initial we have two different reflexes in both Nong and Min Zhuang: ŋ- and w- in Nong and ŋʷ- and v- in Min. Though the Nong form for “yesterday” does not closely resemble Li’s reconstruction ŋwan A2, the tonal reflex is consistent and the Min Zhuang form shows both a nasal labio- velar onset with a nasalized coda. The Nong and Min forms for “cow” do not appear to be cognate with this root, although the tonal reflexes do match a C2 tone. PT xw-, PCT khw- Li 1977, §12.5 English Ch. PT Form Tone WSMLW YSKX GNBH MGXZ wjgwn MLPJD XCGJ WSLHL GNSFZ GNXGN FNBL npdgl pants 裤子姓 xwa B1 k ʰa¹¹ koŋ⁵⁵kʰa¹¹ koŋ³³kʰa¹¹ koŋ⁵⁵kʰa¹¹ kʰaa²¹, kuŋ⁴kʰaa² koŋ³³kʰʷa¹¹ kʰa¹¹ koŋ³³ kʰa¹¹ kʰʷa¹¹ koŋ³³kʰʷa¹¹, koŋ³³kʰoɑ¹¹ kʰʷa¹¹ kʰua²² Though we’ve only a single example word for PT xw- the reflex in both Nong and Min Zhuang is consistently an aspirated velar stop, labialized in eastern Nong locations as well as Min Zhuang. While this pattern of retention of labialization in eastern Nong and Min Zhuang is not surprising given the data for PT kw-, it is interesting that here we see a retention of the aspirated velar fricative, whereas for PT khw- we see an alveolar reflex. Were this single example for PT khw- is representative of that cluster’s development, this would seem to indicate that PT khw- and PT xw- could not have merged into the same phoneme at the point of Proto Central Tai, but instead remained separate phonemes in PCT, as they remain in Nong and Min. However, although we do not have other data for this PT initial from all locations, we do have the following Northwestern Nong examples, which show an unaspirated initial: “axe” [k ʷaːn²⁴] xwaan A1, Li 1977:240, “to suspend, to hang” [k ʷeːn²⁴] xwɛɛn A1.

3.4.12 Laryngeal Initials in Nong and Min Zhuang Li 1977, ch. 13 PT