Laryngeal Initials in Nong and Min Zhuang Li 1977, ch. 13 PT

3.4.12 Laryngeal Initials in Nong and Min Zhuang Li 1977, ch. 13 PT

ʔ-, PCT ʔ- Li 1977, §13.1 English Ch. PT Form Tone WSMLW YSKX GNBH MGXZ wjgwn MLPJD XCGJ WSLHL GNSFZ GNXGN FNBL npdgl to open 开姓进门远姓 ʔa C1 kʰai²⁴ʔa²² ʔaː²² ʔa³³ ʔaː²² ʔaa²², kʰay¹⁴ ʔa²² ʔa²² ʔa²² ʔa²² ʔa²² kʰai³⁵ cf. Ch. 开 ʔa³³ to count 数姓姓 进动词远姓 ʔan B1 ʔou²⁴ʔaŋ¹¹ ʔan¹¹ ʔan¹¹ ʔan¹¹ ʔaan²¹, nap⁴⁴ ʔaːn²² ʔan¹¹ ʔaːŋ¹¹ ʔaːn²² ʔaːn¹² θun¹¹ θuːn³³ to bathe in a river 洗澡姓进在 河 面远姓 ʔap D1L ʔap¹¹ ta³¹ ʔap¹¹ta³¹ ʔap¹¹ta³¹ ʔap¹¹ta³¹ ʔaap²¹taa³¹, ʔaap²¹nam⁵⁵ ʔap¹¹taː³¹ ʔap¹¹ta³¹ ʔap¹¹ ta³¹ ʔaːp¹¹ ta³¹ ʔɑːp¹³tɑ³¹; ʔam¹³ta³¹ ʔap¹¹ta⁵³ θaːu⁵⁵ʔdaŋ²⁴ sugar cane 甘蔗姓 ʔɔi C1 ʔoi²² ʔdɔk³³tʰəŋ²⁴ ʔoːi²² ʔduk³³ ʔoi²² ʔɔy²² ʔoːi²² ʔoːi²² laːŋ²⁴ ʔoi²² oːi²² ʔɔːi²² ʔɔːi²² ʔɔːi³³ to cough 咳嗽姓 ʔəi A1 ʔai²⁴ ʔaːi²⁴ ʔaːi²⁴ŋap⁵³ ʔaːi²⁴ŋap³¹ ʔay¹⁴ ʔai²⁴ŋap³¹ ʔɛi²⁴ŋap³¹ ʔai²⁴ ʔai³⁵ ŋap³¹ ʔaːi³⁵, ʔaː³⁵⁴ŋam³¹ “on-going cough” ʔaːi³⁵ ʔai²⁴ full; satiated 饱姓 ʔim B1 ʔim¹¹ ʔɪːm¹¹ ʔim¹¹ ʔim¹¹ ʔim²¹ ʔim¹¹ ʔɪːm¹¹ ʔim¹¹ ʔim¹¹ ʔiːm¹² ʔiːm¹¹ ʔɪm²² warm 暖和姓 ʔi̥on B1 tei¹¹ʔʷun¹¹ ʔun¹¹ ʔun¹¹ ʔun¹¹ðum³¹ ʔun²¹ ʔun¹¹ðum³¹ ʔuən¹¹ ʔuən¹¹ ʔun¹¹ ʔun¹¹lum³¹, ʔun¹¹tɑu³³hɔ²² tʰau³³ðum³¹ tʰau⁵³ palm 手掌姓 ʔi̥oŋ C1 ʔɔŋ²² muŋ³³ pʰa²²muːŋ³³ pʰa²²moŋ³³ pʰa²²muːŋ³³ baat²¹ ʔɔːŋ²²moŋ³³, pʰa²²moŋ³³ ʔɔːŋ²²moŋ³³ ʔdəɯ⁵⁵ moŋ³³ ʔɔŋ²² moŋ³³, pʰa¹¹ moŋ³³ ʔɔːŋ²²moːŋ³³ pʰa²²mɯ̃³³ pʰa²²mɯ⁵⁵ soft, tender 软姓 ʔuɔn B1 ʔɔn¹¹ ʔɔan¹¹ ʔɔan¹¹ ʔɔan¹¹ ʔɔn²¹, nan², ʔɔn²¹nɔn³¹ ʔɔːn¹¹ ʔɔən¹¹, ʔwan¹¹ ʔʷɔn¹¹ ʔoːn¹¹ ʔɔːn¹² ʔɔːn¹¹ ʔoːn²² brain 子姓 ʔuk D1S ʔɔk¹¹ ʔɔk¹¹ ʔoak¹¹ ʔɔk¹¹ ʔɔk²¹ ʔɔk¹¹, tʰu²⁴ ʔɔk¹¹ tʰu²⁴ʔɔk¹¹ tɕəɯ²⁴ ʔok¹¹ ʔɔk¹¹ ʔɔk⁵⁵aːi³³ ʔok̚⁵⁵ʔaːi²² chest 胸脯姓 ʔu̥ɯk D1S ʔak⁵⁵ pa²²ʔak⁵⁵ na³³ʔak⁵⁵ pak¹¹ʔak⁵⁵ naa²²ʔak⁵⁵ pak¹¹ʔak⁵⁵ pak¹¹ʔak⁵⁵ nɔ³³ ʔak⁵⁵ pak¹¹ ʔak⁵⁵ na²²ʔak⁵⁵ pak¹¹ʔək⁵⁵ ʔʊk̚⁵⁵ Both Min and Nong Zhuang show evidence of a glottal stop on syllables which otherwise would have a vowel onset, though the glottal stop is often not pronounced, and is perhaps elided in fast speech and other situations, as it is not contrastive. There are no minimal pairs with vowel headed syllables. This PT phoneme was important to Li’s PT reconstruction as it enabled him to be able to posit a syllable structure requiring either a simple consonant or consonant cluster as the syllable onset: “This is usually kept in most dialects, although it is not written in the orthography by many authors. It is often implied by the vowel which begins the syllable, thus aa is written for ʔaa. Because of its influence on the tone, comparable to the pre-glottalized consonants, we must assume a Proto-Tai ʔ-. In other words, syllables in Proto-Tai do not begin with a vowel” 1977:243. Though we will deal more extensively with orthography in the next section, as Li brought up the issue of representation of this sound, we will discuss the issue briefly here. As the modern reflexes of this PT sound are not full phonemes, there is no need to represent this sound in the orthography, except perhaps in a few rare situations in which a glottal-vowel onset follows a word with the A1 tone which is not marked in the orthography and has a simple vowel coda, which could appear as a diphthong with the onset vowel of the following syllable. In these situations, the glottal stop and syllable break can be indicated with an apostrophe as is the practice in the Hanyu Pinyin Chinese Romanization. PT h-, PCT h- Li 1977, §13.2 English Ch. PT Form Tone WSMLW YSKX GNBH MGXZ wjgwn MLPJD XCGJ WSLHL GNSFZ GNXGN FNBL npdgl five 姓 ha C1 ha²² ha²² ha²² ha²² haa²² ha²² xa²² ha²² ha²² ha²² xa²² ha³³ give, to 给姓 həɯ C1 ʔo³³jai⁵⁵ haɯ²² haɯ²² haɯ²² haɰ²² həɯ²² haɯ²² ʔau²²jaːi⁵⁵ haɯ²² həɯ²² hɯ²² hɯ³³ yellow 黄姓 hen C1 xeːn²² xien²² heːn²² xien²² hen²² heːn²² xiɛn²² hiɛn³³ xiɛn²² hɛːn²² xeːn²² heːn³³ to do 做姓 het D1S hʷɔk⁵⁵ hʷɔk⁵⁵ hɔak⁵⁵ xɔk⁵⁵ hɔk⁵⁵ hɔk⁵⁵ hʷɔk⁵⁵ hʷɔk⁵⁵ hɔk⁵⁵ hɔk⁵⁵ xɛt¹¹ hɛt̚⁵⁵ In Nong and Min Zhuang, the PT h- initial remains an h phoneme sometimes with a velar fricative allophone [x], as is the case for most modern Taic languages according to Li 1977:249.

3.4.13 Oral final