Dental Cluster Initials in Nong and Min Zhuang Li 1977, ch. 7

PT n-, PCT n- Li 1977, §6.5 English Chinese PT Form Tone WSMLW YSKX GNBH MGXZ wjgwn MLPJD XCGJ WSLHL GNSFZ GNXGN FNBL npdgl field paddy 稻田姓 na A2 kʰou²² na³³ ti²²na³³ ti²²na³³ ʔdoŋ²²na³³ naa⁴⁴ na³³nam⁵⁵ na³³ na³³ na³³ nam⁵³ naː³³nam⁵³ na³³ ɹ̝ai³¹ difficult 难姓 naan Luo 1997 B2 nan⁵⁵ naːn³³ nɑːŋ⁵³ nan⁵⁵ naan⁵⁵, ðaay⁵⁵ nan⁵⁵ naːn³³ hʷɔk⁵⁵ ðaːi⁵⁵ ðaːi⁵³ nɑn³¹ xɔ²² naːn⁵⁵ earth soil, dirt 土壤姓 nam B2 nam³¹ ti²⁴naːm³¹ naːm³¹ cʰa³¹ naːm³¹ naam³¹ naːm³¹ naːm³¹ naːm³¹ naːm³¹ naːm³¹ tom³⁵ tʊm²⁴ to sleep 睡 姓 nɔɯ̥ɔn A2 bai²⁴ne³³ ɲe³³ ne³³ tʰan¹¹ɲe³³ non⁴⁴, nee⁴⁴ noːn³³ lap⁴⁴ nuːn³³ ne³³ nɔːn³³ nɔːn³³ nɔːn³³ noːn⁵⁵ to sit 姓 nəŋ B2 naŋ³¹ naŋ³¹ naŋ³¹ naŋ³¹ naŋ³¹ naŋ³¹ naŋ³¹ naːŋ³¹ naŋ³¹ naːŋ³¹ naŋ³¹ naŋ³¹ to rot 腐烂姓 nəu B2 nau²⁴ nou³¹ ɕjak²⁴ nau³¹ nou³¹ naw³¹ nau³¹ nou³¹ nau³¹ nau³¹ nau³¹ nau³¹ nau³¹ finger 手指姓 niu C2 ɲiou⁵⁵ muŋ³³ niu⁵⁵ muːŋ³³ ɲu⁵⁵ moŋ³³ niu⁵⁵ muːŋ³³ niw⁵⁵ muŋ⁴⁴ niu⁵⁵ moŋ³³ niu⁵⁵ muŋ³³ ɲiau⁵⁵ moŋ³³ niau⁵³ moŋ³³ neu⁵⁵ moːŋ³³ neo⁵³ mɯ̃³³ neːu⁵³mɯ⁵⁵ flesh, meat 肉姓 nɯo C2 nɯ⁵⁵ nɯ⁵⁵ nɯ⁵³ nɯ⁴⁵ nɯɯ⁵⁵ nɯ⁵⁵ nɯ⁵⁵ nɯ⁵⁵ nɯ⁵³ nɯ⁵³ nə⁵⁵, nɯ⁵³ nɯ⁵³ younger sibling |妹姓 nu̥ɔŋ C2 nɔŋ⁵⁵ noːŋ⁵⁵ nɔaŋ⁵³ noːŋ⁵⁵ noŋ⁵⁵ nɔːŋ⁵⁵ noːŋ⁵⁵ noŋ⁵⁵ nɔːŋ⁵³ nɔːŋ⁵³ noŋ⁵⁵ noːŋ⁵³ this 这 个 nu̥i? C2 nɛi⁴¹ ni¹¹ nai³¹ nei³¹ nay³¹, nii⁵ nei³¹ nei³¹ nai³¹ nai³¹ nei³¹ nai²² nai⁵⁵ put on, wear 穿姓 nuŋ B2 nuŋ³¹ noŋ³¹ noŋ³¹ noŋ³¹ nuŋ⁴⁴ noŋ³¹ noŋ³¹ noŋ³¹ noŋ³¹ nuŋ³¹ loŋ³¹ nuŋ³¹ PT hn-, PCT hn- Li 1977, §6.6 English Chinese PT Form Tone WSMLW YSKX GNBH MGXZ wjgwn MLPJD XCGJ WSLHL GNSFZ GNXGN FNBL npdgl thorn 刺姓姓 hnam A1 naːm²⁴ naːm²⁴ naːm²⁴ naːm²⁴ naam¹⁴ naːm²⁴ naːm²⁴ naːm²² naːm³⁵ naːm³⁵ naːm³⁵ naːm²⁴ skin 皮 姓 hnaŋ A1 naŋ²⁴ nɯ⁵⁵ naŋ²⁴nɯ⁵⁵ naŋ²⁴nɯ⁵³ naŋ²⁴ nɯ⁵⁵ naŋ¹⁴ naːŋ²⁴ naŋ²⁴ naŋ²⁴ nɯ⁵⁵ naŋ³⁵ naŋ³⁵ nɯ⁵³ naŋ³⁵ naŋ²⁴ pus 脓姓 hnɔŋ A1 nɔːŋ²⁴ nɔːŋ²⁴ noaŋ²⁴ nɔːŋ²⁴ noŋ¹⁴ nɔːŋ²⁴ nɔːŋ²⁴ pin²⁴ nʷɔŋ¹¹ noːŋ³⁵ nɔːŋ³⁵ nɔːŋ³⁵ noːŋ²⁴ heavy 姓 hnək D1S nak⁵⁵ nak⁵⁵ nak⁵⁵ nak⁵⁵ nak⁵⁵ nak⁵⁵ nak⁵⁵ nak⁵⁵ nak⁵⁵ nak⁵⁵ nak⁵⁵ nak̚⁵⁵ to steam 蒸姓 hnɯŋ C1 naŋ²² naŋ²² naŋ²² naŋ²² naŋ²² naŋ²² naŋ²² naːŋ²⁴ naŋ²² naŋ²² kʰau²² nəŋ²² tɕɘŋ²⁴ mouse, rat 鼠姓 hnu A1 nu²⁴ ti²²nu²⁴ ti²⁴nu²⁴ ti³³nu²⁴ nuu¹⁴ ti²²nu²⁴ ti²²nu²⁴ ti²² nu²⁴ ti³³ nu³⁵ ti²²nuː³⁵ nu³⁵ nu²⁴ deaf 聋姓 hnuek D1L nʷɔk¹¹ nok¹¹ nok¹¹ nok¹¹ cʰuu¹⁴nuk²¹ nok¹¹ nok¹¹ nɔk¹¹ nok³¹ nɔk¹³ nuːk¹¹ nuːk̚²² face 脸姓 hna C1 nɔ²² po³³ɲa²² pu³³na²² ʔbien²²ɲa²² naa²² na²² na²² pi¹ nɔ²² na²² naː²² na²² na³³ thick paper 厚姓 hna A1 na²⁴ ɲa²⁴ ɲa²⁴ naː²⁴ naa¹⁴ na²⁴ na²⁴ nɔ²² na³⁵ na³⁵ na³⁵ na²⁴

3.4.6 Dental Cluster Initials in Nong and Min Zhuang Li 1977, ch. 7

Li proposed eight cluster initials headed by dental consonants: tl-, tr-, thl-, thr-, dl-, dr-, ʔdlr-, nlr-. In Nong and Min Zhuang, we see a great degree of phonemic merger due to simplification of the consonant clusters, resulting in only five phonemes t-, t ʰ-, l-, ʔd-, n- from these eight PT clusters, all of which merge with the reflexes of PT simple dental cluster initial phonemes. PT tl-, PCT t- Li 1977, §7.2 English Chinese PT Form PT Tone WSMLW YSKX GNBH MGXZ wjgwn MLPJD XCGJ WSLHL GNSFZ GNXGN FNBL npdgl full bottle 满 tli̥em A1 tam²⁴ tiem²⁴ team²⁴ tam²⁴ tam¹⁴ tiam²⁴ tam¹¹ tam¹¹ tam³⁵ tʲəm³⁵ tim³⁵ tɪm²⁴ In addition to this single example of a PT intial tl cluster from the survey data, we have several other Nong examples reconstructed as belonging to the PT tl- cluster by Li 1977:118: “to pass gas” [tat³³] tlot D1S; “banana leaf” [toːŋ²⁴] tlɔɔŋ A1; “to wake up, get up” [twn¹¹] tl̈ïïn B1; “turtle” [tau¹¹] tlau B1. PT tr-, PCT thr- Li 1977, §7.3 English Chinese PT Form PT Tone WSMLW YSKX GNBH MGXZ wjgwn MLPJD XCGJ WSLHL GNSFZ GNXGN FNBL npdgl to die 死姓 trai A1 tʰaːiə²⁴ tʰaːi²⁴ tʰaːi²⁴ tʰaːi²⁴ tʰaay¹⁴ tʰaːi²⁴ tʰaːi²⁴ tʰaːi²⁴ tʰaːi³⁵ tʰaːi³⁵ tʰaːi³⁵ tʰaːi²⁴ eye 眼睛姓 lɯ̥uk + tra D2L+ A1 luk³³ tʰa²⁴ lɔk¹¹tʰa²⁴ lok³³t ʰa²⁴ lɔk³¹tʰa²⁴ luk³¹tʰaa¹⁴ lɔk³¹ tʰa²⁴ lɔk³³tʰa²⁴ luk³ ¹ tʰa²⁴ luk³¹ tʰa³⁵ lɔk³¹tʰaː³⁵ mak¹¹tʰa³⁵ tʰa²⁴ Of this PT initial cluster, Li wrote: “In the CT dialects, the dental stop is aspirated on account of the following –r–, cf. PT pr– Proto-CT phr–. We may reconstruct a Proto-CT thr– for this cluster, merging with Proto-Tai thr– and later giving th- or h- in the modern CT dialects” p. 118–119. As mentioned earlier, Luo feels that a reconstruction of pr- for these two words better explains data from Saek, an unusual Taic language, to which Li did not have access when writing Luo 1997: §2.6.1, 54. PT thl-, PCT thl- Li 1977, §7.4 English Chinese PT Form PT Tone WSMLW YSKX GNBH MGXZ wjgwn MLPJD XCGJ WSLHL GNSFZ GNXGN FNBL npdgl to wait 等 thla C1 tʰa²² tʰa²² tʰa²² tʰa²² tʰaa²² tʰaʔ²² tʰa²² tʰa²² tʰa²² tʰa²² tʰa²² tʰa³³ Li was not sure about the PCT reconstruction for this PT initial: “In the CT dialects, it is also commonly represented by th-, but it has certain variants, so that we are not too certain that it was simplified early enough into a Proto-CT th-” p. 119–120. It is not clear whether the Nong words for other semantic items listed by Li as belonging to PT thl- are cognate with those listed by Li 1977:120: “to plough” [tw²⁴] cf. PT: thlai A1, “to ask” [can²⁴] cf. thlaam A1; “bag, sack” [tai³¹] cf. thluŋ A1. PT thr-, PCT thr- Li 1977, §7.5 English Chinese PT Form PT Tone WSMLW YSKX GNBH MGXZ wjgwn MLPJD XCGJ WSLHL GNSFZ GNXGN FNBL npdgl to carry on a pole 担 ， 挑 thrap D1L lim²²kan³³ tʰap¹¹ tʰap¹¹ tʰap¹¹ tʰaap²¹ tʰap¹¹ tʰap¹¹ tʰap¹¹ tʰap¹¹ tʰap¹³ tʰap¹¹ tʰaːp̚²² sweat 汗 thrɯa B1 tʰuei¹¹ tʰui¹¹ tʰəɯ¹¹ tʰui¹¹ tʰɯy²¹, tʰuy² tʰei¹¹, tʰɯ¹¹ tʰuei¹¹ tʰʷai¹¹ tʰɯ¹¹ tʰɯ¹² tʰɯ¹¹ tʰɯ²² tail 巴 thrɯ̥aŋ A1 tʰaŋ²⁴ tʰaːŋ²⁴ tʰaːŋ²⁴ ti³¹ tʰaːŋ²⁴ tʰaaŋ¹⁴ tʰaːŋ²⁴ tʰaːŋ²⁴ tʰaŋ²⁴ tʰaːŋ³⁵ tʰaːŋ³⁵ tʰaːŋ³⁵ tʰaːŋ²⁴ head 头 thrue A1 tʰu²⁴ po³³tʰu²⁴ tʰu²⁴ po³³tʰu²⁴ tʰuu¹⁴ tʰu²⁴ tʰu²⁴ an³³ tʰu²⁴ tʰuo³⁵ tʰo³⁵ tʰo³⁵ tʰu²⁴ to raise, carry 抬 thram A1; A2 tʰam²⁴ tʰaːm²⁴ tʰaːm²⁴ tʰaːm²⁴ tʰaam¹⁴ tʰaːm²⁴ tʰaːm²⁴ tʰaːm²⁴ tʰaːm³⁵ tʰaːm³⁵ tʰɑːm¹² jau³¹ Though the modern Central Taic languages show different phonemes for this PT cluster, either th- or h-, this was still a single phoneme at the point of PCT, according to Li: “It was in the CT dialects that the cluster was retained as Proto-CT thr-, which later became th- or h- according to dialects. Words in this cluster have series 1 of the tones” p. 121. PT dl-, PCT l- Li 1977, §7.6 English Chinese PT Form PT Tone WSMLW YSKX GNBH MGXZ wjgwn MLPJD XCGJ WSLHL GNSFZ GNXGN FNBL npdgl to steal secretly 偷姓姓姓 dlək D2S hʷɔk⁵⁵lak³³ lak³³ lak³³ lak³³ lak⁴⁴ lak³³ lak³³ lak³³ lak⁵⁵ lak³³ lak⁵⁵ lak̚⁵⁵ to lick 舔姓 dlie A2 lai⁵⁵ laːi⁵⁵ laːi⁵³ laːi⁵⁵ laay⁵⁵ laiʔ⁵⁵ laːi⁵⁵ laːi⁵⁵ laːi⁵³ laːi⁵³ lai³³ le⁵⁵ fingernail 指甲姓 dli̥ep D2S liap³¹ muŋ³³ liap³³muːŋ³³ lʲap⁵⁵moŋ³³ liap³³muːŋ³³ lɛp⁴⁴muŋ⁴⁴ liap³³moŋ³³ liap³³muŋ³³ liap³³ lat⁵⁵ moŋ³³ lʲɛt³³moːŋ³³ lɛp⁵⁵mɯ̃³³ lʲɛp̚⁵⁵mɯ⁵⁵ to wash pans 洗锅姓 dlɯ̥aŋ C2 la⁵⁵aŋ³³cau¹¹ laŋ³³cau²² laŋ⁵⁵cau²² laŋ⁵⁵ laaŋ⁵⁵ laŋ⁵⁵ laŋ³³cau³¹ laŋ²⁴ caːu¹¹ laŋ⁵³ laŋ⁵³ laŋ⁵⁵mɔ³³ laŋ³¹mo³³ wind 风姓 dlu̥om A2 lam³³ lam³³ lam³³ lam³³ lam⁴⁴ lam³³ lam³³ laːm³³ lam³³ lɔm³³ lum³³ lʊm⁵⁵ PT dr-, PCT l- Li 1977, §7.7 English Chinese PT Form PT Tone WSMLW YSKX GNBH MGXZ wjgwn MLPJD XCGJ WSLHL GNSFZ GNXGN FNBL npdgl root 根姓 drak D2L lak³³ lak³³ lak³³mai⁵³ lak³¹ laak³¹ lak³¹ lak³¹ lak⁵⁵mai³³ lak³¹ lak³¹ lak³¹ laːk̚³¹ boat; ship 船姓 drɯo A2 lɯ⁵⁵ lɯ³³ an²⁴lɯ³³ an²²lɯ³³ lɯɯ⁴⁴ an²²lɯ³³ ʔan²²lɯ³³ an³³ lɯ⁵⁵ lɯ³³ lɯ³³ lɯ³³ lʊ⁵⁵ PT ʔdlr-, PCT ʔd- Li 1977, §7.8 English Chinese PT Form PT Tone WSMLW YSKX GNBH MGXZ wjgwn MLPJD XCGJ WSLHL GNSFZ GNXGN FNBL npdgl black 黑姓 ʔdlram A1 ʔdam²⁴ ʔdaːm²⁴ ʔdam²⁴ ʔdaːm²⁴ dam¹⁴ ʔdam²⁴ ʔdam²⁴ ʔdam¹¹ ʔdam³⁵ ʔdaːm³⁵ ʔdam³⁵ ʔdam²⁴ body human 身体姓 ʔdlraŋ B2 ʔdaːŋ²⁴ ti²²ʔdaːŋ²⁴ ti²²ʔdaːŋ²⁴ ti³³ʔdaːŋ²⁴ daaŋ¹⁴ ti²²ʔdaːŋ²⁴ maŋ³¹ʔdaːŋ²⁴ ti³³ taːŋ²⁴ ʔdaɯ³⁵ ʔdaːŋ³⁵ an²²ʔdaːŋ³⁵ ʔdaːŋ³⁵ ʔdaːŋ²⁴ star 星星姓 ʔdlrəi A1 ʔdaːu²⁴ ʔdi¹¹ ʔdou²⁴ʔdi¹¹ ʔdaːu²⁴ʔdi¹¹ ʔdaːu²⁴ʔdi¹¹ daaw¹⁴dii²¹ ʔdaːu²⁴ʔdi¹¹ ʔdaːu²⁴ʔdi¹¹ ʔdaːu²⁴ ʔdi²² ʔdaːu³⁵ ʔdi¹¹ ʔdaːu³⁵ʔdi¹¹ ʔdaːu³⁵ ʔdaːu²⁴ in side 面 ʔdlrəɯ A2 ʔdi²⁴ ʔdi¹¹ʔdi²⁴ ʔdi²⁴ʔdi³³ ʔdi²⁴ daɰ¹⁴, dii¹⁴ ʔdəɯ²⁴ʔdi²⁴ ʔdi²⁴ ʔdi²² ʔdi³³ ʔdaɯ³⁵ ʔdi²⁴ʔdəɯ³⁵⁴ ʔdaɯ³⁵ ʔdaɯ²⁴ red 红姓 ʔdlriɛŋ A1 ʔdeːŋ²⁴ ʔdiːɛŋ²⁴ ʔdiaŋ²⁴ ʔdiːɛŋ²⁴ deŋ¹⁴ ʔdiaŋ²⁴ ʔdiɛŋ²⁴ ʔdiɛŋ²² ʔdiɛŋ³⁵ ʔdeaŋ³⁵ ʔdeːŋ³⁵ ʔdeːŋ²⁴ bone 骨头姓 ʔdlruok D1L ʔduk⁵⁵ ʔdok⁵⁵ ʔduk⁵⁵ ʔdok⁵⁵ duk⁵⁵ ʔduk⁵⁵ ʔduk⁵⁵ ʔduək⁵⁵ ʔduk⁵⁵ ʔduk⁵⁵ ʔdok⁵⁵ ʔdok̚⁵⁵ PT nlr-, PCT n- Li 1977, §7.9 English Chinese PT Form PT Tone WSMLW YSKX GNBH MGXZ wjgwn MLPJD XCGJ WSLHL GNSFZ GNXGN FNBL npdgl water 水姓 nlram C2 nam⁵⁵ nam⁵⁵ nam⁵³ nam⁵⁵ nam⁵⁵ nam⁵⁵ nam⁵⁵ nam⁵⁵ nam⁵³ nam⁵³ nam⁵⁵ nam⁵³ out side 外 面 姓 nlrɔk D2L miɛ¹¹ nɔk³³ nɔk³³ nɔak³³ pai³¹ nɔk³¹ nɔk³¹ nɔk³¹ nɔk³¹ miɛ²² nʷɔk³³ nok³¹ nok³¹ ʔbəŋ³³ nɔk³¹ ʔbɯːŋ⁵⁵ noːk̚³¹ bird 姓 nlrok D2S nɔk³³ ti²²nʷɔk³³ ti²²nɔk³³ ti³³nɔk³³ nɔk⁴⁴ nɔk³³ ti²²nɔk³³ ti²² nʷɔk³³ ti³³ nɔk⁵⁵ ti²²nak³³ nɔk⁵⁵ nɔk̚⁵⁵ bamboo- shoot 竹笋姓 nlraŋ A2 ðaŋ³³ mei⁵⁵ muei³³ ðaːŋ³³mei⁵⁵tʰaːŋ³³ ɾaŋ³³ ðaːŋ³³ ðaaŋ⁴⁴ ðaːŋ³³pɔ³³ ʑaːŋ⁵⁵ pʰak⁵⁵ ðaŋ³³ tʰa³⁵ ðaːŋ³³ laːŋ³³ ðaːŋ³³ no²²ɹ̝aŋ⁵⁵ For this PT sound, we see some labialization in a few Nong forms, which may be residue of the PT liquid, although Li proposed that this cluster had been fully simplified to n- by the time of PCT. The last lexeme listed here, glossed ‘bamboo-shoot’, shows a different reflex, ð, than the n we see elsewhere. This could be that the Nong and Min words for this item result from a different etymon than that reconstructed by Li nlra ŋ A2, although we see a tonal reflex consistent with PT A2. Although we have no other examples of PT nasals surfacing as a dental fricative, as we will see below, this phoneme ð is the normal reflex for r, so possibly for reasons that we lack the data to determine in this particular lexeme, the nasal disappeared rather than the liquid when the cluster simplified. Or, possibly Li’s reconstruction for this item is not correct and the PT form ought really to be ra ŋ A2.

3.4.7 Liquid Initials in Nong and Min Zhuang Li 1977, ch. 8