Summary of Dai Zhuang Tone Systems

35 Development of Proto-Tai Tone DL in Dai Zhuang syllable initial gloss 中文姓 PT form tone GNSSP MGLCP WSXMH WSKH Voiceless Aspirated carry on a pole 担姓，姓挑姓 thrap D1L tʰa⁵⁵ tʰ˩⁵⁵ tʰa⁵⁵ tʰaʔ⁵⁵ Gedneys box 17 gums 齿龈姓 hŋɯak D1L ʔdẽ¹³ ɲɔ⁵⁵ tə̤n¹¹ v˩⁵¹ ɲaʔ⁵⁵ ɲaʔ⁵⁵ fore-head 头姓 phlrak D1L tʰʉ³¹ pʰjɛʔ⁵⁵ tʰɤ³¹ pʰa⁵⁵ tʰʉ³¹ pʰɛʔ⁵⁵ no³⁵ pʰə⁵⁵ 姓 Voiceless unaspirated mouth 嘴巴姓 pak D1L pʲɛ⁵⁵ pʰi⁵⁵ pa⁵⁵ pe⁵⁵ peʔ⁵⁵ Gedneys box 18 eight 姓 pɛt D1L pjɛʔ⁵⁵ pia̝⁵⁵ pia⁵⁵ pia⁵⁵ lungs 肺 姓 pɔɯ̥ɔt D1L puaʔ⁵⁵ pua⁵⁵ puaʔ⁵⁵ puaʔ⁵⁵ wing 翅 姓 piək D1L pjaːu⁵⁵ piɐ⁵⁵ piaʔ⁵⁵ piaʔ⁵⁵ 姓 Voiceless glottal hungry 饿姓 ʔjɯ̥ak D1L ʝɛʔ⁵⁵ jɛ̞ʔ⁵⁵ jɛʔ⁵⁵ ja⁵⁵ Gedneys box 19 hot 热姓 ʔdɯat D1L ʔdueʔ⁵⁵ ʔduɛʔ⁵⁵ tuaʔ⁵⁵ to bathe 洗澡姓 ʔap D1L ʔaʔ⁵⁵ na³³ ˩⁴⁴ n˩³³ ˩⁵⁵ n˩³³ ʔaʔ⁵⁵ n˩³³ brain 子姓 ʔuk D1L ʔɔaʔ⁵⁵ ʔuʌʔ⁵⁵ ʔuɔʔ⁵⁵ ʔoʔ⁵⁵ flower 花姓 ʔblrɔk D1L ʔduɔʔ⁵⁵ ʔduɐ⁵⁵ ʔduɔʔ⁵⁵ ʔdoʔ⁵⁵ bone 骨头姓 ʔdlruok D1L kʰə³³ʔdɔa⁵⁵ kʰəu³⁵ ʔdʌʔ⁵⁵ kə⁵⁵ʔdaʔ⁵⁵ kə⁵⁵ʔdaʔ⁵⁵ 姓 姓 Voiced root 根姓 drak D2L ljɛʔ³¹ la⁴⁴ mai³³ le³³ ma¹¹ leʔ³³ ma¹¹ Gedneys box 20 rope 绳子姓 ǰɯak D2L tswaʔ³¹ tsɐʔ⁴⁴ + pa⁵¹ caʔ³³ cɛʔ³³ blood 血姓 lɯet D2L luɛʔ³¹ lʉɛ⁴⁴ luəʔ³³ luəʔ³³ child 孩子姓 lɯ̥uk D2L lɔaʔ³¹ laʔ⁴⁴ tai³³ ni³⁵ laʔ³³ nei³⁵ laʔ³³ knife 刀姓 miət D2L me³¹ mi⁴⁴ ðin⁵¹ meʔ³³ mɛʔ³³ nei⁵⁵

3.2.4 Summary of Dai Zhuang Tone Systems

All the Dai Zhuang datapoints visited demonstrated the same distinctive PT Tone A splitting pattern. The tone category resulting from the originally voiced initials belonging to PT Tone B seems quite unstable in Dai Zhuang, merging with B1, A2 or C2, according to the location. The tone categories resulting from PT Tone D basically no longer exist as synchronic tone categories because final oral plosives have been lost or are in the process of disappearing and, thus, words carrying these tones are now indistinguishable, as far as we were able to determine, from the open syllable tones with the same pitch values. Northeastern Dai Zhuang Tone System Guangnan County; Songshupo datapoint Syllable Initial Proto-Tai Tone A unchecked B unchecked C unchecked DS checked + short vowel DL checked + long vowel 1. Voiceless aspirated stops voiceless fricatives except sibilants A2 31 B1 B2 55 C1 35 D2S 31 D1L 55 2. Voiceless continuants sonorants sibilants A1 11 D1S 22 3a. Voiceless unaspirated stop + r cluster A2 31 3b. Voiceless unaspirated stops A1 11 4. Voiceless glottal 5. Voiced A2 31 C2 33 D2S D2L 31 Southern Dai Zhuang Tone System Maguan County; Laochangpo datapoint, “Jiantou Tu” Syllable Initial Proto-Tai Tone A unchecked B unchecked C unchecked DS checked + short vowel DL checked + long vowel 1. Voiceless aspirated stops voiceless fricatives except sibilants A2 31 B1 55 C1 35 D2S 31 D1L 55 2. Voiceless continuants sonorants sibilants A1 11 D1S 33 3a. Voiceless unaspirated stop + r cluster A2 31 3b. Voiceless unaspirated stops A1 11 4. Voiceless glottal 5. Voiced A2 31 B2 C2 33 D2S 31 D2L 44 37 Northern Dai Zhuang Tone System Northern Wenshan County Western Yanshan County, Xiao Minghu datapoint; “DatouTu” Syllable Initial Proto-Tai Tone A unchecked B unchecked C unchecked DS checked + short vowel DL checked + long vowel 1. Voiceless aspirated stops voiceless fricatives except sibilants A2 31 B1 55 C1 35 D2S 31 D1L 55 2. Voiceless continuants sonorants sibilants A1 13 D1S 33 3a. Voiceless unaspirated stop + r cluster A2 31 3b. Voiceless unaspirated stops A1 13 4. Voiceless glottal 5. Voiced A2 31 B2 C2 33 D2S 31 D2L 33 Central Dai Zhuang Tone System Central Wenshan County, Kaihua Panzhihua Townships; Shuichezhai Niutouzhai datapoint; “PingtouTu” Syllable Initial Proto-Tai Tone A unchecked B unchecked C unchecked DS checked + short vowel DL checked + long vowel 1. Voiceless aspirated stops voiceless fricatives except sibilants A2 31 B1 55 C1 35 D2S 31 D1L 55 2. Voiceless continuants sonorants sibilants A1 33 D1S 13 3a. Voiceless unaspirated stop + r cluster A2 31 3b. Voiceless unaspirated stops A1 33 4. Voiceless glottal 5. Voiced A2 B2 31 C2 33 D2S 31 D2L 33 All the Dai Zhuang dialects seem to be in the process of losing syllable-final oral stops, though glottal stops are still retained in the place of historical oral stop codas in some instances. Therefore, the checked tone categories resulting from Tone D are no longer distinguishable from those on unchecked syllables with the same pitches. Thus, minimal pairs are possible between the tones resulting from PT Tone D and those resulting from the other three PT tones. Southern Dai Zhuang has the following six distinct tone pitches ː 31 ˧˩ , 11 , 55 , 33 , 35 ˧˥ , 44 . Northern and Central Dai Zhuang have the following five distinct tone pitches ː 31 ˧˩ , 13 ˩˧ , 55 , 33 , 35 ˧˥ . Northeastern Dai Zhuang has the following six distinct tone pitches ː 31 ˧˩ , 13 ˩˧ , 55 , 33 , 35 ˧˥ , 22 . All locations show B1 and D1L with the same pitch and in Northeastern Dai, B2 also shares this pitch. C2 and D1S have the same tone pitch in Northern and Southern Dai Zhuang, but in Central Dai C2 shares a tone value with A1. C2 and D2L share the same pitch in Northern and Central Dai Zhuang. Dai Zhuang Tone Systems Chinese Zhuang Northeastern Dai Songshupo, Guangnan Southern Dai Laochang, Maguan Northern Dai Xiao Minghu, Wenshan Central Dai Shuichezhai, Wenshan Tone Numbering PT Tone categories tone values PT Tone categories tone values PT Tone categories tone values PT Tone categories tone values 1 A1 11 A1 11 A1 13 A1 = C2 = D2L 33 2 A2 = D2S = D2L 31 A2 = D2S 31 A2 = D2S 31 A2 = B2 = D2S 31 3 C1 35 C1 35 C1 35 C1 35 4 C2 33 B2 = C2 = D1S 33 B2 = C2 = D1S = D2L 33 5 B1 = B2 = D1L 55 B1 = D1L 55 B1 = D1L 55 B1 = D1L 55 7 D1S 22 D1S 13 10 D2L 44

3.2.5 Description of Min Zhuang Tone System