Nasal final consonants Consonant System

released final oral consonants. The phonetic quality of the final oral stops in our data and that of Gedney is the same as those of the Guangxi Min, data where the unreleased diacritic was added to each transcription by our colleagues. PT -p; -t; -k, PCT -p; -t; -k English Ch. PT Form Tone WSMLW YSKX GNBH MGXZ wjgwn MLPJD XCGJ WSLHL GNSFZ GNXGN FNBL npdgl to bathe in a river 洗澡姓进在 河 面远姓 ʔap D1L ʔap¹¹ ta³¹ ʔap¹¹ta³¹ ʔap¹¹ta³¹ ʔap¹¹ta³¹ ʔaap²¹taa³¹, ʔaap²¹nam⁵⁵ ʔap¹¹taː³¹ ʔap¹¹ta³¹ ʔap¹¹ ta³¹ ʔaːp¹¹ ta³¹ ʔɑːp¹³tɑ³¹; ʔam¹³ta³¹ ʔap¹¹ta⁵³ θaːu⁵⁵ʔdaŋ²⁴ to bite 咬姓 xep D1S kʰap⁵⁵ kʰap⁵⁵ kʰap⁵⁵ kʰap⁵⁵ kʰap⁵⁵ kʰap⁵⁵ kʰap⁵⁵ kʰap⁵⁵ kʰap⁵⁵ kʰɔap⁵⁵ kʰɔp¹¹ kʰɔːp̚²² ten 十姓 sip D1S θip⁵⁵ sip⁵⁵ sip⁵⁵ θip⁵⁵ sip⁵⁵ θip⁵⁵ sip⁵⁵ θip⁵⁵ sip⁵⁵ sip⁵⁵ θip⁵⁵ θɪp̚⁵⁵ to do 做姓 het D1S hʷɔk⁵⁵ hʷɔk⁵⁵ hɔak⁵⁵ xɔk⁵⁵ hɔk⁵⁵ hɔk⁵⁵ hʷɔk⁵⁵ hʷɔk⁵⁵ hɔk⁵⁵ hɔk⁵⁵ xɛt¹¹ hɛt̚⁵⁵ hot; warm 热进水远姓 ʔdɯat D1L ʔdat¹¹ ʔdat¹¹ ʔdat¹¹ ʔdat¹¹ daat²¹ ʔdat¹¹ ʔdat¹¹ nam⁵⁵ ʔdat¹¹ ʔdat¹¹ ʔdat¹³ ʔdət¹¹ ʔdʊːt̚⁵⁵ blood 血姓 lɯet D2L lɯt³³ lət³³ lɯt³³ lɯt³¹ lɤt³¹ lɯt³¹ lət³¹ lit³³ lɯt³¹ lɯt³¹ lɯt³¹ lɯːt̚³¹ to dig 挖姓 xut D1S ʔou²² kʰɯt⁵⁵ kʰɯt⁵⁵ kʰɯt⁵⁵ kʰau³³, pɯt⁵⁵ baak²¹, kʰaw⁵⁵, kʰut⁵⁵ kʰwət⁵⁵ kʰɯt⁵⁵ kʰuət⁵⁵ ʔbɯt³³ ʔbɯt³³ kʰut³³ wa²⁴ cf. Ch. 挖 chest 胸脯姓 ʔu̥ɯk D1S ʔak⁵⁵ pa²²ʔak⁵⁵ na³³ʔak⁵⁵ pak¹¹ʔak⁵⁵ naa²²ʔak⁵⁵ pak¹¹ʔak⁵⁵ pak¹¹ʔak⁵⁵ nɔ³³ ʔak⁵⁵ pak¹¹ ʔak⁵⁵ na²²ʔak⁵⁵ pak¹¹ʔək⁵⁵ ʔʊk̚⁵⁵ brain 子姓 ʔuk D1S ʔɔk¹¹ ʔɔk¹¹ ʔoak¹¹ ʔɔk¹¹ ʔɔk²¹ ʔɔk¹¹, tʰu²⁴ʔɔk¹¹ tʰu²⁴ʔɔk¹¹ tɕəɯ²⁴ ʔok¹¹ ʔɔk¹¹ ʔɔk⁵⁵aːi³³ ʔok̚⁵⁵ʔaːi²² hungry 饿姓 ʔjɯ̥ak D1L jak¹¹ jak¹¹ jak¹¹ jak¹¹ yaak²¹kʰaw²², toŋ⁵⁵yaak²¹ jak¹¹ jak¹¹ toŋ⁵⁵ jak¹¹ jak¹¹ jak¹³ jak¹¹ jaːk̚²² As the above examples demonstrate, for the most part, Nong and Min Zhuang final consonants have not changed from Li’s Proto-Tai forms. Though the Nong reflexes for “to do” show a velar stop instead of a dental stop in the coda in all locations, all other PT forms ending in -t in our data show a t phoneme in Nong Zhuang, as does the Min Zhuang reflex for “to do.” The -k reflex in Nong for this word appears to be an isolated case; possibly the Nong forms descend from a different etymon than Li’s PT het.

3.4.14 Nasal final consonants

Nong and Min Zhuang, like most other Taic languages, have three nasal final consonants, which correspond in place of articulation to the oral final consonants, but which are considered codas on “unchecked” syllables, as far as tone categories are considered, that is, the syllables ending in these consonants only belong to tone categories resulting from PT Tones A, B or C, but never D. Throughout the sections on tonal phonology and initial consonants, there have been examples of nasal final consonants in Nong and Min Zhuang, such as the following examples, which demonstrate that PT final nasal consonants generally have unchanged reflexes in both Nong and Min Zhuang, except that the dental nasal PT -n occasionally is weakened to a nasalized vowel or elides altogether, e.g. “yesterday”: PT -m; -n; - ŋ, PCT -m; -n; -ŋ English Ch. PT Form Tone WSMLW YSKX GNBH MGXZ wjgwn MLPJD XCGJ WSLHL GNSFZ GNXGN FNBL npdgl evening 晚 姓 ɣam B2 caŋ²⁴ ham³¹ caːŋ²⁴ ham³¹ caːŋ²⁴ ham³¹ caːŋ²⁴ ham³¹ caaŋ¹⁴ ham³¹ caːŋ²⁴ xən³³, caːŋ²⁴ xam³¹ caːŋ²⁴ ham³¹ caŋ²⁴ haːm³¹ caːŋ³⁵ ham³¹ cin³⁵ ham³¹ an²² ham⁵³ ʔan²⁴ham³¹ bitter 苦姓 xem A1 kʰam²⁴ kʰam²⁴ kʰam²⁴, kʰɯn¹¹ kʰam²⁴ kʰam¹⁴ kʰam²⁴ kʰam²⁴ kʰam²² kʰam³⁵ kʰam³⁵ kʰum³⁵ kʰʊm²⁴ to sink 沉姓 čem A1 lo⁴¹ lɔŋ³³ cam⁵⁵, lou³¹ cam²⁴ cam³³, lau³¹ cam¹⁴ cam²⁴ cam³³ lo³¹ cam³⁵ cam³⁵ cam³⁵ tɕaŋ³³ to count 数姓姓 进动词远姓 ʔan B1 ʔou²⁴ʔaŋ¹¹ ʔan¹¹ ʔan¹¹ ʔan¹¹ ʔaan²¹, nap⁴⁴ ʔaːn²² ʔan¹¹ ʔaːŋ¹¹ ʔaːn²² ʔaːn¹² θun¹¹ θuːn³³ yellow 黄姓 hen C1 xeːn²² xien²² heːn²² xien²² hen²² heːn²² xiɛn²² hiɛn³³ xiɛn²² hɛːn²² xeːn²² heːn³³ yesterday 昨 姓 ŋwan + ŋwən “day” A2 A2 ŋo³¹ wan³³ wan³³ŋa³³, van³³ŋa³³ wan³³ŋa³³ wan³³ŋa³³ ham³¹ŋaa⁴⁴ xɔn³³ŋʷa³³ wan³³ŋa³³ wan³³ ŋɔ²² wan³³ wa³³ hɔːn³³waː³³, hɔːn³³vɑː³³ van³³ŋʷ˩³³ wan⁵⁵wa⁵⁵ day 24 hours ，日子姓 ŋwən A2 wan³³ wan³³hən³³ wan³³ wan³³hən³³ van⁴⁴ wan³³, xɔn³³ wan³³ wan³³ wan³³ hɔːn³³niː³³, hɔːn³³luː³¹ hən³³van³³ wan⁵⁵ ginger 姜姓 xiŋ A1 cʰiŋ²⁴ cʰiŋ²⁴ cʰiŋ²⁴ cʰiŋ²⁴ chiŋ¹⁴ cʰiŋ²⁴ cʰiŋ²⁴ cʰiŋ²⁴ cʰiɛŋ³⁵ cʰiŋ³⁵ kʰiŋ³⁵ kʰɪŋ²⁴ drum noun 鼓姓 klɔŋ A1 kəŋ³¹ an²² cuɔːŋ²⁴ an²⁴ coaŋ²⁴ an²² coŋ²⁴ coŋ¹⁴ an²² coːŋ²⁴ coŋ²⁴ coŋ³³ naŋ³³ cjoŋ³⁵ an³³coŋ³⁵, cʷɑŋ³⁵⁴ toːŋ³⁵ tɕoːŋ²⁴ bow 弓姓 koŋ A1 kɔŋ²⁴ ʔan²² kʷɔːŋ²⁴ an²⁴ kɔaŋ²⁴ kɔːŋ²⁴ lei³¹ kɔŋ¹⁴naa²² kɔŋ³³ kʷaŋ²⁴ kɔŋ³⁵ kɔŋ³⁵ kɔŋ³⁵ koŋ⁵³

3.4.15 Summary of Nong and Min Zhuang Consonant Systems