CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING
4.1 Data
The writer designs a test for the students. She gives test to get data by inserting the correct punctuation marks in the paragraphs and sentences. The test
consists of two paragraphs and fourteen sentences. The paragraphs and the sentences consist of 81 punctuation and 80 capital letters. There are 38 students who are
present when the writer gives the test. There are 161 correct answers which are expected from the test.
Tabel 1: All data source No Punctuation Marks Total
1 Period
20 2
Question Mark 4
3 Exclamation Point
2 4
Comma 23
5 Semicolon
3 6
Quotation Marks 6
7 Colon
4 8
Apostrophe 6
9 Dash
5 10 Hyphen
3 11 Parentheses
3 12 Brackets
2 13 Capital Letters
80 Total
161
From the 161 punctuation and capital letters which are analyzed, there are correct and incorrect in using punctuation marks. There are 2560 incorrect in using
punctuation marks.
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Table 2: The data to be analyzed No Punctuation Marks Total
1 Period
184 2
Question Mark 84
3 Exclamation Point
72 4
Comma 560
5 Semicolon
108 6
Quotation Marks 153
7 Colon
108 8
Apostrophe 85
9 Dash
100 10 Hyphen
45 11 Parentheses
73 12 Brackets
62 13 Capital Letters
926 Total
2560
4.2 Finding
4.2.1 Errors of using Period Table 3: Errors in inserting a sentence with a period
No. Samples
Correction 1.
the relationship between the two thoughts must be clear
. That the
reader immediately understands
.
why the sentences are link
?
The relationship between the two thoughts must be clear that the reader
immediately understand why the sentences are link
.
2. The semicolon can be used to
bring together complete . Thoughts
that are closely related The semicolon can be used to bring
together complete thoughts that are closely related
.
Related to the samples above, the error of the first sample is called ignorance of rule restrictions because of generalization of deviant structures, is failure to
observe the restrictions of existing structures, that is, the application of rules to context where they do not apply. The students should not insert period more than
once because the sentence only need a period at the end of the sentence. Besides it,
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the error of the sample is called false concept hypothesized because there are a class of developmental errors which derive from faulty comprehension of distinctions in
the target language. These are sometimes due to poor gradation of teaching items. They should insert a period instead of question mark. The error in the second sample
is also called false concept hypothesized because they should insert a period at the end of the sentence.
Table 4: Errors to put a period after abbreviation No.
Samples Correction
4. Was it Marco who said our train
leaves at 10:00 P.M ?
Was it Marco who said, “Our train leaves at 10:00
P.M.”?
5. Was it Marco who said our train
leaves at 10.00 PM.
Related to the samples above, the errors of the first and second samples are called false concept hypothesized because the students should insert periods after the
abbreviation. Table 5: Errors to put a period inside the quotation marks
No. Samples
Correction 5.
About three days after Christmas, do your children say “I’m bored What
should i do now?” About three days after Christmas, do
your children say, “I’m bored . What
should I do now?” 6.
Arben said : “we read famous short stories aloud. Poe and o’ henry just
for the fun of it” Arben said, “We read famous short
stories aloud [Poe and O. Henry] just for fun of it
.”
7. Arben said, “We read famous short
stories aloud. Poe and O Henry just for the fun of it”
.
Related to the samples above, the errors of the first, second, and third samples are called false concept hypothesized because the students should insert a period at
the end of sentence inside the quotation marks in the first sample I’m bored. instead of I’m bored. They should use a period inside the quotation in the second sample.
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They should insert a period inside the closing quotation marks due to it refers to quotation in the third sample.
Table 6: Errors to use period at the end of a sentence that is enclose in parentheses but stands alone
No. Sample
Correction 8.
The movie was written by Harvey Allen. He was born in 1934
The movie was written by Harvey Allen. He was born in 1934
.
Related to the sample above, the error is called false concept hypothesized
because the students should use a period inside the parentheses due to the sentence stands alone.
4.2.2 Errors in using question mark Table 7: Errors to use question mark with quotation
No. Samples
Correction 9.
About three days after Christmas, do your children say “im bored. what
should I do now” ?
About three days after Christmas, do your children say, “I’m bored. What
should I do now ?”
10. About three days after christmas, do your children say “im bored what
should i do now” 11. Dont you think that this one of the
most important statements uttered by President elect Obama: “I will
always be honest with you about the challenges we face”
.
Don’t you think that this one of the most important statements uttered by
President-Elect Obama: “I will always be honest with you about the
challenges we face” ?
Related to the samples above, the errors of the first, second, and third are called false concepts hypothesized because the first sample denotes the quoted
portion is a question, so the question mark is placed inside the closing quotation marks. The students should use question mark inside the quotation marks due to the
sentence denotes a question in the second sample. The students should use question mark outside the quotation instead of period in the third sample.
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4.2.3 Errors in using exclamation point Table 8: Errors to use exclamation point to emphasize
No. Samples
Correction 12. I will never forget seeing the movie
The Great Houdini
.
I will never forget seeing the movie The Great Houdini
13. The company had the nerve to say “we wont cover the lost
”
The company had the nerve to say, “We won’t cover the lost”
Related to the samples above, the errors of the first and second samples are called false concept hypothesized because the first sample denotes an emphasizing,
so the students should use an exclamation mark at the end of the sentence. The students should place an exclamation mark outside the quotation because the entire
sentence is an emphasizing in the second sample.
4.2.4 Errors in using comma Table 9: Errors to use comma to separate words or groups of words that interrupt the
flow of the sentence No.
Samples Correction
14. Ben Jonson 1572-1637, the english playwright poet and
competitor to
William Shakespeare, was the first notable
writer from England , to use the
semicolon systematically. Ben Jonson 1572-1637, the English
playwright , poet, and competitor to
William Shakespeare, was the first notable writer from England to use the
semicolon systematically. 15. Ben Jonson 1572-1637 the
english playwright poet and competitor to William
Shakespeare, was the first notable writer from England to use the
semicolon systematically. 16. Ben Jonson 1572-1637, the
English playwright, poet and competitor to William
Shakespeare . Was the first notable
writer from England , to use the
semicolon systematically. Related to the samples above, the error of the first sample is called ignorance
of rule restrictions. Meanwhile, the second and third samples are called false concept
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hypothesized. In the first and third samples, the students should not use a comma after the word England. The students should use commas after the phrases Ben
Jonson 1572-1637 , the English playwright, poet, in the second sample. The
students should use comma instead of period because separate words or groups of words that interrupt the flow of the sentence in the third sample.
Table 10: Errors to use comma to separate a direct quotation from the rest of the sentence
No. Samples
Correction 17. Was it Marco who said our train
leaves at 10:00 P.M.? Was it Marco who said
, “Our train leaves
at 10:00 P.M.”? 18. The company had the nerve to say
:
“we wont cover the loss”. The company had the nerve to say
, “We
won’t cover the loss” Related to the samples above, the errors of the first sample and second
samples are called false concept hypothesized. The students should use a comma to separate a direct quotation from the rest of the sentence in the first sample. The
students should use a comma instead of a colon in the second sample.
Table 11: Error to use comma to separate two complete thoughts independent clauses that are connected by a word but
No. Sample
Correction 19. The answer could be that the
children need to play but in a way that is different from what they’ve
been doing. The answer could be that the children
need to play , but in a way that is different
from what they’ve been doing. Related to the sample above, the error of the sample is called false concept
hypothesized because the students should use a comma before the word but to separate two complete thoughts.
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Table 12: Errors to use comma to separate items to ensure clarity No.
Samples Correction
20. We know you’ll need the following for our camping trip A
Tent, Bug Spray, A Flashlight, and
, Easily Prepared Foods.
We know you’ll need the following for our camping trip: a tent, bug spray, a
flashlight
, and easily prepared foods.
21. We know you’ll need the following for our camping trip: a
tent, bug spray, a flashlight and easily prepared foods.
Related to the samples above, the error of the first sample is called ignorance of rule restrictions. Meanwhile, the second sample is called false concept
hypothesized. The student should not use a comma after the word and in the first sample. The students should use a comma after the words a flashlight to separate
items to ensure clarity in the second sample.
4.2.5 Errors in using semicolon Table 13: Errors to use a semicolon between closely related independent clauses not
joined by a coordinating conjunction No.
Samples Correction
22. The new position makes weekend work mandatory no one replied for
the job. The new position makes weekend work
mandatory ; no one replied for the job.
23. The new position makes weekend work mandatory
, no one replied
for the job. Related to the samples above, the errors of the first and second samples are
called false concept hypothesized. The students should use a semicolon after the clause the new position makes weekend work mandatory to relate the two
independent clauses in the first sample. The student should use a semicolon instead of a comma in the second sample.
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Table 14: Errors to use semicolon between items in a series when the series contains internal punctuation
No. Samples
Correction 24. Among the conferees were John
Litton, president of the Sun, awning corporation Leslie Martin,
president of Paragon Computer and Sue Daley, ceo of
Environmental Sciences. Among the conferees were John Litton,
president of
the Sun
Awning Corporation
; Leslie Martin, president of
Paragon Computer
; and Sue Daley, CEO
of Environmental Sciences. 25. Among the conferees were John
Litton, President of the Sun Awning
Corporation ,
Leslie Martin, President of Paragon
Computer , and Sue Daley, Ceo of
Environmental Sciences. Related to the samples above, the errors of the first and second samples are
called false concept hypothesized. The students should use semicolons after the words president of the Sun, awning corporation and president of Paragon Computer
which contains internal punctuation in the first sample. The students should use semicolons instead of commas after the words President of the Sun Awning
Corporation, and President of Paragon Computer, in the second sample.
4.2.6 Errors in using quotation marks Table 15: Errors to use quotation marks to set off the exact words of a speaker and
place a comma between the speaker and the quoted words No.
Samples Correction
26. Arben said, “We read famous short stories aloud:
“Poe and O’
Henry ” just for the fun of it.
Arben said, “We read famous short
stories aloud [Poe and O. Henry] just for the fun of it.
”
27. Was Marco who said our train leaves at 10:00 P.M.?.
Was Marco who said , “Our train leaves at
10:00 P.M. ”?
28. About three days after christmas do, your children say “im bored
”.
What should i do now?. About three days after Christmas, do your
children say , “I’m bored. What should I
do now? ”
Related to the samples above, the error of the first sample is called ignorance of rule restrictions. Meanwhile, the second and third samples are called false concept
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hypothesized. The students should not use quotation marks for the words Poe and O’ Henry
because it functions for clarity in the first sample. They should use quotations for the second sample because it denotes to set off the exact words of a speaker. They
should not use the closing quotation after the words “im bored”. because the speaker ends the sentence after what should i do now?. in the third sample. For the second
and third samples, comma is needed between the speaker and the quoted words.
Table 16: Errors to use place the other punctuation after the closing quotation marks when entire sentence is the exact words of a speaker, but the other
punctuation is not and when the quoted portion is the exact words of a speaker, place the other punctuation inside the quotation marks
No. Samples
Correction 29. About three days after christmas do
your children say “Im bored what should I do now?
About three days after Christmas, do your children say, “I’m bored. What
should I do now? ”
30. The company had the nerve to say: “We wont cover the loss
”
The company had the nerve to say, “We won’t cover the loss
”
31. Arben said, “We read famous short stories aloud. Poe and O Henry just
for fun of it ”.
Arben said, “We read famous short stories aloud [Poe and O. Henry] just for
fun of it. ”
Related to the samples above, the errors of the first, second, and third samples are called false concept hypothesized. The students should use quotation marks at the
end of the sentence in the first sample. They should use quotation marks before the exclamation point because the entire sentence is an emphasizing of the speaker in the
second sample. They should use quotation marks after the period because it only refers to the quotations in the third sample.
4.2.7 Errors in using colon Table 17: Errors to use a colon between numbers to show the time
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No. Samples
Correction 32. Was it Marco who said our train
leaves at 10 00 P.M. Was it Marco who said, “Our train leaves
at 10 :00 P.M.”?
33. Was it Marco who “said our train leaves at 10
.00 P.M.?”
Related to the samples above, the errors of the first and second samples are called false concept hypothesized. The students should use a colon between numbers
to show the time in the first sample. They should use a colon instead of a period in the second sample.
Table 18: Errors to use a colon to introduce a list No.
Samples Correction
34. We know you’ll need the following for our camping trip a tent, bug
spray, a flashlight, and easily prepared foods.
We know you’ll need the following for our camping trip
: a tent, bug spray, a
flashlight, and easily prepared foods. 35. We know youll need the following
for our camping trip
, a tent, bug
spray, a flashlight, and easily prepared foods.
36. We know you’ll need the following for our camping trip
; a tent, bug
spray, a flashlight, and easily prepared foods.
Related to the samples above, the errors of the first, second, and third samples are called false concept hypothesized. The students should use a colon to introduce a
list in the first sample. They should use a colon instead of a comma in the second sample. They should use a colon instead of a semicolon in the third sample.
Table 19: Errors in using a colon to introduce an explanation No.
Samples Correction
37. She advised, “always ask three questions before you accept the
prescription is it necessary, is there a less powerful drug and can i wait
a few days to see if i get better.” She advised, “Always ask three
questions before you accept the prescription
: Is it necessary, is there a
less powerful drug, and can I wait a few days to see if I get better?”
38. She advised, “always ask three
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questions before you accept the prescription
. Is it necessary, is there
a less powerful drug, and can I wait a few days to see if I get better?”
Related to the samples above, the errors of the first and second samples are called false concept hypothesized. The students should use a colon after the sentence
she advised, “always ask three questions before you accept the prescription because
it functions to introduce an explanation in the first sample. They should use a colon instead of a period in the second sample.
4.2.8 Errors in using apostrophe Table 20: Errors to use an apostrophe to show the omission of a letter
No. Samples
Correction 39. Call me if
youre going to be late—
even 15 minutes—or i will worry about you.
Call me if you’re going to be late—even
15 minutes—or I will worry about you. 40. The company had the nerve to say,
“we wont cover the loss”
The company had nerve to say, “We
won’t cover the loss”
Related to the samples above, the errors of the first and second samples are called false concept hypothesized because the students should use apostrophe within
the words youre and wont which show the omission of a letter.
4.2.9 Errors in using dash Table 21: Errors to use em dash one on each side of interrupting though; emphasize
an interruption within a sentence No.
Samples Correction
41. The semicolon is a strong mark of punctuation stronger than the
comma, but weaker than the period. The semicolon is a strong mark of
punctuation —stronger than the comma,
but weaker than the period. 42. The semicolon is a strong mark of
punctuation, stronger than the comma, but weaker than the period.
43. Call me if you’re going to be late even 15 minutes—or i will worry
Call me if you’re going to be late even —
15 minutes
—or I will worry about you.
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about you. Related to the samples above, the errors of the first, second and third samples
are called false concept hypothesized. The students should use em dash before the word stronger in the first sample. They should use em dash instead of a comma in
the second sample. They should use em dashes before and after the words even 15 minutes
because it is the interrupting thought of the third sample.
Table 22: Errors to use en dash that chiefly to connect numbers and sometimes words No.
Samples Correction
44. Ben Jonson 1572 1637 the english playwright poet and competitor to
William Shakespeare was the first notable writer from England to use
the semicolon systematically. Ben Jonson 1572
–1637, the English
playwright, poet, and competitor to William Shakespeare, was the first
notable writer from England to use the semicolon systematically.
45. The boston New York train leaves at 9 A.M
The Boston –New York train leaves at 9
A.M. 46. The Boston
, New York train leaves
at 9 a.m. Related to the samples above, the errors of the first, second, and third samples
are called false concept hypothesized. The students should use en dash to connect numbers in the first sample. They should use en dash to connect the words The
boston New York in the second sample. They should use en dash instead of a
comma in the third sample.
4.2.10 Errors in using hyphen Table 23: Error to use hyphen to join compound words
No. Sample
Correction 47. Richard is my brother in-law.
Richard is my brother -in-law.
Related to the sample above, the error of the sample is called false concept hypothesized because the students should use a hyphen within brother in-law in the
sentence to join compound words.
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Table 24: Errors to use a hyphen with the suffix -elect No.
Sample Correction
48. Don’t you think that this one of the most important statements uttered
by President Elect Obama, “I will always be honest with you about
the challenges we face”?. Don’t you think that this one of the most
important statements uttered by President
-Elect Obama: “I will always
be honest with you about the challenges we face”?
Related to the sample above, the error of the sample is called false concept hypothesized because the students should use a hyphen with the suffix -elect.
4.2.11 Errors in using parentheses Table 25: Error to use parentheses to enclose numbers
No. Sample
Correction 49. Ben Jonson 1572-1637 the english
playwright poet and competitor to William Shakespeare was the first
notable writer from England to use semicolon systematically.
Ben Jonson 1572-1637, the English
playwright, poet, and competitor to William Shakespeare, was the first
notable writer from England to use semicolon systematically.
Related to the sample above, the error of the sample is called false concept hypothesized because the students should use parentheses to enclose numbers.
Table 26: Errors to use parentheses to hold a complete sentence No.
Samples Correction
50. The movie was written by Harvey Allen. He was born in 1934.
The movie was written by Harvey Allen.
He was born in 1934.
51. The movie was written by Harvey Allen, he was born in 1934.
Related to the samples above, the errors of the first and second samples are called false concept hypothesized because the students should use parentheses to
hold a complete sentence to the sentence He was born in 1934.
Table 27: Errors to use parentheses that mark items in a list No.
Sample Correction
52. We traveled in Europe Italy, We traveled in Europe
Italy [Florence
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Florence and Rome, Belgium and England
and Rome ], Belgium, and England.
53. We traveled in Europe, Italy, Florence, and Rome, Belgium, and
England. 54. We traveled in Europe, Italy
Florence and Rome Belgium,
and England 55. We traveled in Europe, Italy
[Florence and Rome, Belgium and England
].
Related to the samples above, the errors of the first, second, third, and fourth samples are called false concept hypothesized. The students should use parentheses
after the words we traveled in Europe to mark items in a list in the first sample. They should use parentheses and a comma is not needed after the words We traveled in
Europe, in the second sample. They should use brackets for clarity instead of
parentheses to the words Florence and Rome and a comma is not needed after the words We traveled in Europe, in the third sample. They should use brackets correctly
by inserting the close brackets for the words [Florence and Rome not use at the end of the sentence [Florence and Rome, Belgium and England] and a comma is also not
needed after the words We traveled in Europe, in the fourth sample.
4.2.12 Errors in using brackets Table 28: Errors to use brackets within parentheses and within a quotation for clarity
No. Samples
Correction 56. We traveled in Europe Italy,
Florence and Rome Belgium and England.
We traveled in Europe Italy [Florence
and Rome ], Belgium, and England.
57. We traveled in Europe, Italy
Florence and Rome Belgium, and
England 58. Arben said: “we read famous short
stories aloud. Poe and O. Henry just for fun of it.”
Arben said, “We read famous short stories aloud
[Poe and O. Henry] just for
fun of it.”
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Related to the samples above, the errors of the first, second, and third samples are called false concept hypothesized. The students should use brackets to the words
Florence and Rome because it denotes the clarity in the first sample. They should use
brackets instead of parentheses to the words Florence and Rome in the second sample. They should use brackets instead of a period because the sentence has not
completed without the clarity [Poe and O. Henry] yet in the third sample.
4.2.13 Errors in using capital letters Table 29: Errors to use capital letter at the first letter of the first word in a sentence
No. Samples
Correction 59.
i will never forget seeing the movie The Great Houdini
I will never forget seeing the movie The Great Houdini
. 60.
the Boston–New york train at 9
A.M.
The Boston–New York train at 9 A.M.
Related to the samples above, the errors of the first and second samples are called false concept hypothesized because the students should use a capital letter at
the first letter of the first word in those sentences.
Table 30: Errors to use capital letter for the holidays No.
Sample Correction
61. About three days after christmas,
do your children say. “I’m bored. What should I do now?”
About three days after Christmas, do
your children say, “I’m bored. What should I do now?”
Related to the sample above, the error of the sample is false concept hypothesized because the students should use a capital letter for christmas due to it is
holiday.
Table 31: Errors to use capital letter of the first word of a direct quotation No.
Sample Correction
62. About three days after Christmas, About three days after Christmas, do
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do your children say “ im bored.
what should I do now”? your children say, “
I’m bored. What
should I do now?” 63.
She advised, “ always ask three
questions before you accept the prescription. Is it necessary, is
there a less powerful drug, and can I wait a few days to see if I get
better?” She advised, “
Always ask three
questions before you accept the prescription: Is it necessary, is there a
less powerful drug, and can I wait a few days to see if I get better?”
Related to the samples above, the errors of the first and second samples are called false concept hypothesized because the students should use a capital letter of
the first word of a direct quotation for im and should use an apostrophe within im in the first sample. The students should also use capital letter of the first word of a
direct quotation for always in the second sample.
Table 32: Errors to use capital letter abbreviation No.
Samples Correction
64. Was it Marco who said “our train leaves at 10:00
p.m”?
