Relevant Researches TESIS Nebojsa Djordjevic S701208012

In painting there is also „imperial gaгe‟ and аe can interpret it also in postcolonial discourse – where mighty European, Western ruler is looking dominantly to his subordinate one. Theory of gaze is present topic in film studies, or in interpreting the advertisements both still – photographed one and action – video one but as one form of visual communication it was important to be mentioned here as well. Plato said “Painting is far from truth, and therefore, apparentlв, painting has the effect of reaching onlв little of eЯerвthing, and that onlв in a shadoа image”. We can u nderstand this statement in the shadoа of semiotics as „muteness‟ of image that аe mentioned aboЯe. Plato‟s student, Aristotle said „There can be no аords аithout images‟. Every time when we articulate a word we also have visual representation of it. Connection between verbal and visual language is undeniable. Therefore, in this study, visual semiotics approach, together with postcolonial theory will be implemented in understanding and interpreting Indonesian paintings where Pangeran Diponegoro is the main motif.

C. Relevant Researches

1. Researches about Heroism Most recent study about heroism is one made by Scot T. Allison and George R. Goethals. This study is published in three books. The first one 2010 is Heroes – What They Do and Why We Need Them . This study offers a combination of psychological research with examples from real life, various kinds of fiction, and of many different kinds of heroes. This is the first from three volumes about the heroism. The second one 2013 is entitled Heroic leadership – an Influence Taxonomy of 100 Exceptional Individuals 14 - review of the relationship between leadership and heroism, showing how most cherished heroes are also most transforming leaders. There is also a description of taxonomy, or conceptual framework, for differentiating among the many varieties of heroism Trending Heroes, Transitory Heroes, Transparent Heroes, Transitional Heroes, Tragic Heroes, Transposed Heroes, Traditional Heroes, Transforming Heroes, and Transcendent Heroes. 14 From authors‟ Blog page about neаer edition – retrieved from http:reelheroes.netabout-our-book commit to user The third book Reel Heroes, Volume 1: Two Hero Experts Critique the Movies 2014 15 explores heroes in the movies and offers a categorization scheme for understanding different types of heroes. These books give good answers to questions – why do we need heroes, what is consider a heroic act, how do we look at heroic acts and heroes, but overall a concept of heroism is not clear and firmly defined. Allison and Goethals, 2014 The same problem arose several times while consulting primarily American authors and their writing about heroes. Sidney Hook 1955 in his The Hero in History – A Study in Limitation and Possibility also gives taxonomy of heroes. One is The Heroes of Thought where heroes are divided in following categories in: 1 Literature, Music, and Painting; 2 Philosophy and Science; 3 Religion; and 4 The Historical Hero. In every chapter after some theoretical explanation, a list of great names in each category is given. Nevertheless, this book gives explanation of circumstances around heroism and influences around them – social determinism, influences of monarchies, heroes in Soviet Union, heroes in democracy, etc. Hook, 1955. One of the oldest studies entitled On Heroes, Hero Worshiping and The Heroic in History written by Thomas Carlyle 1840 puts together Odin, Scandinavian Pagan god, Muhammad, prophet in Islam, and Napoleon together. In one of his lectures he said „The Historв of the аorld, I alreadв said, аas the Biographв of Gr eat Man‟ Carlвle, 1840 16 These studies gave a good general knowledge of how heroes are preserved and maintained in West, through history, literature, other forms of art, and most recently popular culture. Yet, they are too broad and in small scale related for this research. Connections with national ideology, heroism and art are found in these three researches: National heroes are political symbols for US-Bulgarian native historian Maria Todorova. In her book Bones of contention - The living archive of Vasil Levski and the making of Bulgaria‟s national hero 2009 she discusses more about this topic. In this book she is talking about, contradictions in making a national hero by co-operation of the Communist party of Bulgaria and Bulgarian Orthodox Church. Vasil Levski was a nationalistic leader of Bulgaria who established revolutionary organizations to fight for 15 Ibid. 16 Retrieved from http:yalepress.yale.eduyupbooksexcerptsCarlyle_excerpt.pdf commit to user freedom of Bulgaria, which was in his time autonomous under Ottoman rule. That was mid 19th century and Levski was hanged for his idea and he did not live to see independent Bulgaria. In his early ages he was an Orthodox priest, later he became prominent patriotic figure, and in the end he died a glorious death. He is remembered todaв as „Apostle of Freedom‟. All these aforementioned facts make him a national hero par excellence Todorova, 2009 State identity and nationalism are main topics of Linas Eriksonas, Lithuanian historian and philosopher. In his book derived from his PhD thesis National Heroes and National Identities 2004 he is examining the heroism and connection with state and national identity and ideology in three different European states: Scotland, Norway, and Lithuania. While he is giving historical perspectives on the national heroes in these countries – he is also putting them in modern framework and is arguing how important presence of national heroes is in lives of people. He illustrates this by giving examples of fests that are commemorating lives and glorious past of heroes, how they are used in daily politics, erection of new monuments, etc. He does not define national heroes, but from his writing and examples, those are great people from history of these nations Eriksonas, 2004 The Politics of Symbol in Serbia is a collection of essays in political anthropology written by Iv an ČoloЯić 2002 English edition, 1997 Serbian edition. The background of Serbian nationalism and role of political and national symbols in breaking up of Yugoslavia are main topics in this book. War crimes committed in Yugoslavian war were the most brutal after the World War II in Europe. Many of these war crimes were committed by Serbian chauvinistic war criminals. Serbian nationalism is shaped by political and ethno- centric symbols. These symbols were important for Serbian narrative and they also include stories about national heroes Colovic, 2002 Researches about nationalism in Indonesia do exist. Tonв Daв 2002 in his „Fluid Iron: State Formation in Southeast Asia‟ continues somehoа Anderson‟s tradition of „Imagined Communities‟ in South-East Asia, but gives more references and examples of practice of nation-building in this region. He quotes Thomas L. Friedman who called Indonesia „prime example of neа kind of state: „messв state‟. While Anderson‟s point is commit to user mainly driven by nation and human culture published books, newspapers, language Day is more concerned with the state and its apparatus – how kinship shapes society and the state, what was role of gender in this process, how Southeast Asian states are constructed as cosmologies – like a respond to the Western teleology, etc. He also uses broad range of аorks of literature and art as respond to Williams‟ call for the studв of „аork of art‟ in the cultural analвses of the „actiЯe and formatiЯe‟ аaвs in аhich hegemonic poаers is exercised‟ Williams in Day, 2002 Idea of Javanisation of Indonesia and how Javanese elites continue colonial practice of Dutch to rest of Indonesia are tаo ideas of Michael Wood‟s Official History in Modern Indonesia: New Order Perspectives and Counterviews 2005. This was significant in New Order era which is timeframe from his book. He argues that Indonesians explain to themselves and world beyond that they did not just inherit the Dutch East India, how ideas of Indonesia are older. To illustrate this point re-interpretation of glory past is used. Ancient empires of Sriwijaya and Majapahit were the Golden Age of proto Indonesia. Unrests, rebellions of people all around the Archipelago are seen as fights to liberate Indonesia. That is why they are national heroes now. Wood, 2005 1.1. Researches about Pangeran Diponegoro Peter Carey born 1948 is a British historian and author whose focuses of studies include East Timor, Java and Burma. He was the Laithwaite fellow of Modern History at Trinity College, Oxford. His major early work has concentrated on the history of Diponegoro, the British in Java and the Java War. He is currently completing an Oral History of the Indonesian Occupation of East Timor, 1975 –99. In Trinity College he had taught courses Taught: Europe and the wider world, 1818-1914 in the Modern History Faculty and Imperialism and nationalism, Southeast Asia 1830-1998 17 . This research consulted two researches of Carey. The first one is the book entitled The Power of Prophecy: Prince Dipanegara and the end of an old order in Java, 1785 – 1855 18 . It is one 17 From Oxford University Web page http:www.orinst.ox.ac.ukstaffisapcarey.html - accessed 20.12.2013. 18 This book is published by KITL Press Leiden in 2007 2008, second edition. Indonesian version is translated by Hashim Djojohadikusmo and Yayasan Arsari Djojohadikusumo and it is published by commit to user of the most complete chronicles about life of Diponegoro and British interregnum in Java. It is a history book, but with interesting points about personal histories, also it is richly illustrated. With numerous illustrations from Javanese chronicles from that time, the first portraits of Diponegoro, and also famous Pienemaan - Mas Saleh painting discussions it was crucial for understanding evolution of visual representation of Pangeran Diponegoro. The second one is an omnibus-book entitled Asal-usul perang Jawa - Pemberontakan Sepoy dan Lukisan Raden Saleh 19 аhere historical perspectiЯes about Raden Saleh‟s artwork are given. Narratives in Indonesian about Pangeran Diponegoro in form of national hero are used in school textbooks and popular books that were available in biggest bookstore in Indonesia – Gramedia. Sagimun, M. D. 1960 Pahlawan Dipanegara berdjuang – Bara api kemerdekaan nan tak kundjung padam‟ 1960 - due to its old Indonesian spelling it was hard to understand and read this book, but overall impression was that book is full of hot nationalism. It was published a year after first national heroes were proclaimed and in era of „intensiЯe‟ nation-building and with that – it was interesting input for understanding and witnessing one time in modern Indonesian history. 2. Researches about Indonesian Painting Indonesian painting is researched more by Westerners than Indonesians. Indonesian art is often understood and read from art catalogues, curatorial notes, art critic writings rather than scientific and academic approach to topic. Caroline Turner 2005 in „Indonesia: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia KPG in 2012 as three parts book under the name Kuasa Ramalan: Pangeran Diponegoro dan Akhir Tatanan Lama di Jawa, 1785-1855 19 Actually, this book is three papers written by Peter Carey that Indonesian publisher Pustaka Azet, Jakarta - 1986 merged in one book. For this research first and third paper were used: The origins of the Java War 1825-30 originally published in English Historical review, 1976 and Raden Saleh, Dipanegara and the painting of the capture of Dipanegara at Magelang Published in Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Roвal latic Societв”, 1982. commit to user Art, Freedom, Human Rights and Engagement аith West‟ is one of the recent researches of Indonesian art. First, she gives a short history of Indonesian art. On the basis of Indonesian art she quotes artist and critic Jim Supangkat that Indonesian art grew out of Western art „adapted, sometimes oЯer a Яerв long period of time in the colonial period‟. NeЯertheless it grows with blend of European modernity and Asian influences. She continues her discussion with illustrations of how in the past 20 years Indonesian artist were engaged in commenting political issues and human right issues. The formula for expression in Indonesian art is again similar to one from the 19th century – „It has been suggested that Indonesian art adopted ideas such as installation and protest from Western art, merely Indonesianising the content‟ Turner, 2005 Later, she examined work of three Indonesian artists to illustrate her point. Armhaniani is the first artist she is mentioning and explaining her artwork. In 1996 she produced an installation and performance called Nation for Sale where she addressed issues of nationalism, globalisation, and position of common people in this disorder. In 1999 her work Burning Body-Burning Country was addressed to un-rests in Indonesia in that year, and violence towards women. Moelyono is the second artist that she comments. His work deals with controversies in Indonesian society such as Communist party and lives of Chinese people in Java. The last one is Dadang Christanto and he deals with problems of a „small man‟ in Indonesia – suicide of becak driver when this sort of transportation was forbidden in Bandung; land inquisition from farmers for building golf courses. He himself suggested that his аork is there for commemorating „suffering in eЯerв time and place‟. These three artists and their аorks serЯes to illustrate that „Indonesian artist of the past 20 вears haЯe created extraordinarв bodв of аork in its impact on the region and beвond‟ Turner, 2005 Mary-Jo DelVecchio Good and Byron J. Good 2008 in Indonesia Sakit – Indonesian Disorders and the Subjective Experience and Interpretive Politics of Contemporary Indonesian Artists аhich is part of a reader called „Postcolonial Disorders‟ edited by Mary-Jo DelVecchio Good, Sandra Teresa Hyde, Sarah Pinto, Byron J. Good. Previous research ends with questions and doubts where Indonesian art will go in new, perpustakaan.uns.ac.id commit to user reformation era. It quotes Dr Dаi Marianto 1999 аho said „The Neа Order has giЯen аaв to Neа Disorder‟. This New Disorder in contemporary Indonesian art is a topic of research of Good and Good 2008. They also interpret works of three contemporary Indonesian artists. Alex Luthfi is the first author interviewed and his painting Kado Reformasi Gift of Reformation was interpreted. In this painting - national emblem of Garuda was painted in black, with pig head, and a tie. It is a criticism of new era with old habits – corruption, nepotism, and big social differences are problems that the author points out here. Agus Yuliantara painted Indonesia Sakit Indonesian disorders, sick Indonesia, Indonesia in pain which served as title of whole research. He points out the same problems as Pak Luthi, but аith different stвle. Painting is a surrealistic „mosaic‟ аhere a tiger looks like he is eating the Indonesian archipelago, there are also two naked figures and a shadow-like figure from which a pigeon is emerging. This complex painting is full of the symbols, present time is not safe and nice, but overall artist has optimistic point of view towards future. The third artist is Entang Wiharso who painted nation Run Amok where he is aware of responsibility that state has toward its citizens, but he is dare to address problems within the people. His main issue is surprising violent behaviour of Indonesians. Good and Good, 2008 We can conclude that violence is still one of the present topics of contemporary Indonesian art. The one аho ansаers to Яiolence and аho fights „disorders‟ and „sicknesses‟ of one nation is a hero. Therefore it is interesting to see hoа a national hero is fighting his battles in the world of Indonesian paintings from the 19th century until today. These two recent researches helped by building methodology. For this research five paintings with Pangeran Diponegoro were chosen and analyzed thoroughly, while other paintings, sketches, illustrations were there just to maintain ideas mentioned. commit to user

D. Framework of the research