xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ASRI
Akademi Seni Rupa Indonesia Indonesian Fine Art Academy
HIK Hollandsche Indische Kweekschool
Dutch East Indian School for Teachers
IKJ Institut Kesenian Jakarta
Institute for Art Jakarta
ISI Institut Seni Indonesia
Indonesian Institute for Art
ITB
Institut Teknik Bandung Techincal Institute in Bandung
IVAA Indonesian Visual Art Archive
KBBI Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia
Great Dictionary of Indonesian
LEKRA Lembaga Kebudayaan Rakyat
Institute for People‟s Culture
PERSAGI Persatoean Asal Gambar Indonesia
Association of Indonesian Drawing Specialists
PKI Partai Komunis Indonesia
Communist Party of Indonesia
POETRA Poesat Tenaga Rakjat
Centre for the People‟s Poаer
S. Sindudarsono
First name of Sudjojono
SIM Seniman Indonesia Moeda
Young Indonesian Artists
UGM
Universitas Gadjah Mada Gadjah Mada University, Jogjakarta
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UNS Universitas Negeri Sebelas Maret
Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta
VOC Vereeningde Oost-Indishe
Compagnie United East India Company
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xii
EXTRAS
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1
Framework of the research Chapter 2, Subchapter D 31
LIST OF TABLES Table 1
Primary Data Chapter 3, Subchapter C 36
LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1
List of National Heroes in Indonesia Table 1 110
Appendix 2 Statistics from List of National Heroes
117 Appendix 3
Poster of National Heroes in Indonesia 124
Appendix 4 Web visibility of key terms from research Table 2
125 Appendix 5
Analyses of Table 2 126
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CONTENT FRONT PAGE
i. APPROVAL PAGE
ii. STATEMENT OF AUTHENTICITY
iv. ABSTRACT
v. APSTRAK
vi. MOTTO
vii. DEDICATION
viii. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
ix. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xi. EXTRAS
LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF APPENDICES xii.
CONTENT 1
CHAPTER I 3
A. Background
3 B.
Problem Formulation 5
C. Objectives of the Research
6 D.
Significance of the Research 6
CHAPTER II – LITERATURE REVIEW
7 A.
Main Concepts 7
1. Heroism
7 1.1.
Word for Hero 7
1.2. Heroes and National Heroes in Indonesia
9 1.3.
Pangeran Diponegoro – The National Symbol 13
2. Indonesian Painting
15 B.
Theoretical Basis 16
1. Postcolonial Theory
16
2. Visual Semiotics
20 C.
Relevant Researches 24
1. Researches about Heroism
24 1.1.
Researches about Pangeran Diponegoro 27
2. Researches about Indonesian painting
29 D.
Framework of Research 31
E. Hypothesis
33
CHAPTER III – METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH
34 A.
Location and Time of Research 34
B. Locus of Research
35 C.
Data and Source of Data 36
D. Technique of Collecting Data
37 E.
Technique of Analyzing Data 38
F. Approach to Analyzing Data
38 G.
Validation of Data 39
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CHAPTER IV – ANALYSES
40 A.
The 19th century - Pangeran Diponegoro: Villain and Hero 40
1. The 19th century in Indonesia
40
2. Art history of the 19th century
41
3.
Western Eyes: Nicolaas Pieneman‟s Vision of Pangeran Diponegoro 41
3.1. Biography of Nicolaas Pieneman
41 3.2.
Submission of Diponegoro
1830-5 – History and Signs
42
4.
Javanese Eyes: Raden Saleh‟s Vision of Panger
an Diponegoro
50 4.1.
Biography of Raden Saleh 50
4.2.
Arrest of Pangeran Diponegoro
1857 – History and Signs
51
5. Pangeran Diponegoro: Villain, Rebellion, or Hero
61 B.
Indonesian art 1950-1990: Depicting a National Hero 64
1. The 20th century in Indonesia: History of Nation and Art
64
2. Pangeran Diponegoro: National Hero in Art
65
3.
Indonesian Eyes: S. Sudjojono‟s
Vision of Pangeran Diponegoro
70 3.1.
Biography of S. Sudjojono 70
3.2.
Diponegoro
1979 – History and Signs
73
4. Pangeran Diponegoro: One Brick in Wall of Nation
81 C.
Indonesian art 1990-today: Nation in need of Super Hero 84
1. Art and Life of Indonesia Today
84
2. Contemporary Indonesian Eyes Look Toward Pangeran Diponegoro
86 2.1.1.
Biography of Agung Kurniawan 86
2.1.2.
Homage to Prince Diponegoro
1994: History and Signs 87
2.2.1. Biography of Heri Dono
90 2.2.2.
Salah Tangkap Pangeran Diponegoro
2007: History and Signs 91
3. Who Are the Heroes Now and Do We Need Them?
97 D.
Depiction of Pangeran Diponegoro from the 19th until today 100
CHAPTER 5 – CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
103 A.
Conclusion 103
B. Recommendations
105 SUMMARY
106
RINGKASAN
108 APPENDICES
110 BIBLIOGRAPHY
129 SOURCE OF ILLUSTRATIONS
137 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
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3
CHAPTER I A.
Background
The concepts of hero and heroism are hard to grasp. Definitions of these terms go from early heroes in literature whose adventures were written thousands of years ago until
movie about superheroes today. The concept of heroism has been confused with related, possibly contributing factors such as altruism, compassion, and empathy, and identified
with popular celebrities, role models, and media-created
fantastic-heroes
. The term “hero” in literature studies means main character of a storв. The same
term is used in different art forms that involve action and movement. There is always a hero within a narrative, including in a dynamic painting, theater play, or movie. First narratives
in the world included stories about divine creatures, common people, and connectors between these two worlds, and were often told through a hero and his actions. Historian
Hughes-Hallett writes:
There are men, wrote Aristotle, so godlike, so exceptional, that they naturally, by right of their extraordinary gifts, transcend all moral judgment or
constitutional control: „There is no law which embraces men of that caliber: they are
t
hemselves law‟ in Zimbardo, 2011. Among the earliest surЯiЯing literature аorks is „Epic
of Gilgamesh‟ аhich centers on heroic figure Gilgamesh. Today we also live in a world full of heroes. Newspapers always include articles
about heroic acts. Superhero movies are an extremely popular genre. Spiderman is a superhero character аho first appears in comics around the 1960‟s in U.S. It is one of the
most famous examples of the
Marvel
school of comics and „production‟ of superheroes. Eventually, due to his popularity, this character left comic books and entered the worlds of
animation, T.V. series, and eventually film. There was even a trilogy about Spiderman spanning 2002 to 2007. In the second decade of the 21st century, a new Amazing
Spiderman movie franchise began. The first movie was released in 2012 and the second part will arrive in cinemas around the globe in AprilMay 2014.
Superheroes movies usually come from American tradition of super heroism. Over there it is long tradition of production of superheroes
– first in comic books, then TV formats, finally film, and these days films in its new formats
– three or even five perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
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dimensional cinema experience. It is also followed by video games, applications for smart- phones, the Internet prequels, sequels,
parodies etc. TeleЯision shoаs are more „glocal‟ global
and local. “Idol”, a shoа created in the UK in 2001 and has inspired spin-off almost in every part of the world. In Indonesia in particular these singing competitions are
really popular. With global franchises such are „Voice‟, „I haЯe talent‟, and the
aforementioned „Idol‟ – Indonesia has its own versions where people compete to be dangdut stars for example.
State wanted to reconcile two worlds – one of „Idols‟ and popular culture made
heroes and one with men and women who were fighting for country and the national ideology made heroes. Every 10
th
of November is Indonesian day of Heroes. In 2013 the slogan for this day was
Pahlawanku
–
Idolaku
My hero – my idol. National heroes play
an important role in history and culture in many parts of world. Maria Todorova is a Bulgarian born American historian and philosopher. She used in her book
Imagining Balkans
2009 Seid‟s concept of
Others
and
Orientalisation
and place it in South-East European region of Balkans. In her other book
Bones of Contention
-
The living archive of
Vasil Levski and the making of Bulgaria‟s national hero 2009 she discussed more about one national hero. Vasil Levski is a fighter for Bulgarian independence in the 19th century
when this country was still under Ottoman Empire rule. Nowadays he is the national hero per excellence and Todorova is trying to answer why and how Todorova, 2009.
Linas Eriksonas is a historian and philosopher interested in state identity and nationalism. In his book derived from his PhD thesis
National Heroes and National Identities
2004 he is examining the heroism and connection with state and national identity and ideology in three different European states: Scotland, Norway, and his native
Lithuania. While these researchers were made by historians and it is questionable how and who decides that one is a national hero and other is not, in Indonesia that is a task of state.
Indonesian state apparatus every year since 1959 declares new national heroes. There are sets of standards and criteria that one needs to fulfill to enter the list. In 2013
three more persons were made into this honorable list and until now almost 160 159 to be exact persons from various backgrounds are called national heroes of Indonesia. Indonesia
is a relatively new country, during previous centuries different part of Archipelago were perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
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ruled with different dynasties, powers, etc. List of national heroes starts from the 17th century. Sultan Agung 1591-1645 is first proto-Indonesian, his fight and resistance
toward up-coming Dutch and their colonization is now looked as fight of Indonesian glory historical character against powerful, foreign invader.
Foreign invader brought a lot of changes into the lives of people in Archipelago and one of the
imported
products is – painting. History of art and representative art in
Indonesia can not be traced in same way like in the West.
Father of Indonesian paintings
is Raden Mas Saleh. His most popular painting is depicting Javanese rebellion Pangeran
Diponegoro and his capturing 1857. Before him, one Dutch artist painted this scene and he called it
–
Submission of Diponegoro 1835
. From that moment until today Pangeran Diponegoro - remarkable historical figure and national hero per excellence frequently enter
Indonesian paintings. Indonesian art is really vivid and recognized in global arena. Indonesian artist dare to say also something about the national ideology which surrounds
them, and that includes questions about national heroes. State driven production of national heroes and artist reply to this movement will be main topic of this research. The research
will focus on depiction of Pangeran Diponegoro from the 19th century painting until today.
B. Problem Formulation
