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THE DEPICTION OF A NATIONAL HERO: PANGERAN DIPONEGORO IN PAINTINGS FROM THE NINETEENTH CENTURY UNTIL TODAY
THESIS
By Nebojsa Djordjevic
S701208012 Defended his thesis in front of examiners
Acknowledge that he complies with requirements On date ................. 2014
Examination Committee:
Position Name
Signature Chairman
Prof. Dr. Bani Sudardi, M. Hum
NIP 196409181989031001 ..................................
Examiners 1. Dra. Sri Kusumo Habsari,
M. Hum, Ph.D.
NIP 196703231995122001
2. Dr. Hartini, M. Hum.
NIP 1950030011978032004 ..................................
..................................
Acknowledge by: Director
Postgraduate Program
Prof. Dr. Ir. Ahmad Yunus, M. S.
NIP 196107171986011001 Head of Study Programme
Cultural Studies
Prof. Dr. Bani Sudardi, M. Hum
NIP 196409181989031001 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
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STATEMENT OF AUTHENTICITY AND CONDITIONS OF PUBLICATION
I truthfully declare that:
1. Thesis entitled THE DEPICTION OF A NATIONAL HERO: PANGERAN DIPONEGORO IN PAINTINGS FROM THE NINETEENTH CENTURY UNTIL
TODAY is my own research work and there are no scientific papers that have been asked
by others to obtain academic degrees and there is no this work or opinion was never written or published by another person, except those written with reference to the referent sources
– mentioned in text andor bibliography. If it proves that text of this have elements of
plagiarism, then I am willing to accept the sanctions required, both to my master s degree thesis along with cancelation of my title and procession according with the legislation in
force .
2. Publication of part or all of the contents of this thesis in scientific journals or other forums must include the name of author, together with his advisormentorship team as well
as naming UNS as the institution where this writing was published. If there is a violation of these provisions concerning publication, then I am willing to receive academic sanctions
that apply.
Surakarta , .........................................
Student Nebojsa Djordjevic,
S701208012 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
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v Nebojsa Djordjevic.NIM:S701208012.2014. The depiction of a national hero: Pangeran
Diponegoro in paintings from the nineteenth century until today. THESIS. Supervisor I: Dra. Sri Kusumo Habsari, M. Hum, Ph D, II: Dr. Hartini, M. Hum. Postgraduate Program
– Cultural Studies, Sebelas Maret University Surakarta.
ABSTRACT
The objective of this research is to examine the idea of heroism in Indonesia and how it was shown in painting as a relatively new art form in this country. Pangeran Diponegoro 1785-
1855 was rebellious prince in Java who fought against the Dutch. He entered paintings in Indonesia as soon as his rebellion ended. His appearance is one of the constant motifs in
Indonesian paintings. The idea for this research was to show how Diponegoro was painted within different concepts.
This research is a qualitative study which primarily used Pierce semiotics which includes sign in three aspects
– icon sign, index signs, and symbol signs to examine artworks and their meaning. Theoretical triangulation is achieved by using Postcolonial theory and its
writing in analyses of these artworks. Cultural hybridity, identity, nationalism, nation- building, and other ideas are present in artwork and its signs.
With the end of the Java War, Javanese society experienced major changes in economical as well as in cultural aspects. Painting is an art form that was introduced to Javanese in this
period. One of the first motifs in Indonesian painting was Pangeran Diponegoro. Briefly after Java War Dutch painter Nicolaas Pieneman painted a scene of submission of
Diponegoro. The Javanese reply came few years after in painting of Raden Saleh, the first local artist who was trained in Europe. S. Sudjojono was one of the most prominent
Indonesian painters and he painted Pangeran Diponegoro as national hero in 1979. In 1994 an emerging Indonesian artist paid homage to Diponegoro in his artwork and in 2007 Heri
Dono painted his caricature painting of wrongful arrest of Diponegoro in twisted Indonesia. The idea of heroism changed over time and it has also looked different in different
historical periods. Dutch painting of Pangeran Diponegoro had sense of pride and dignity in it. Yet it is an expression of Dutch ignorance, arrogance, and dominance over the Javanese.
Javanese response is also controversial
– some see it as proto-nationalistic painting, others dismiss it as servile. Indonesian paintings are full of nationalism and pride, but also with
strong artistic messages of warning and critique toward society. While some signs have clear meanings which are shown in this research, the majority of them are fluid and open
for discussion about ideas of nationalism, heroism, and identity in Indonesia. Key words: national heroes, culture, Indonesia, Pangeran Diponegoro
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vi Nebojsa Djordjevic.NIM:S701208012.2014. The depiction of a national hero: Pangeran
Diponegoro in paintings from the nineteenth century until today. THESIS. Supervisor I: Dra. Sri Kusumo Habsari, M. Hum, Ph D, II: Dr. Hartini, M. Hum. Postgraduate Program
– Cultural Studies, Sebelas Maret University Surakarta.
ABSTRAK
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji ide kepahlawanan di Indonesia dan bagaimana itu ditampilkan dalam lukisan sebagai bentuk karya seni yang relatif baru di
negeri ini. Pangeran Diponegoro 1785-1855 adalah pangeran yang memberontak dan berperang melawan Belanda di Jawa. Sosoknya menjadi terkenal dalam lukisan di
Indonesia sesaat setelah pemberontakannya berakhir. Penampilannya adalah salah satu motif konstan dalam lukisan Indonesia. Ide untuk penelitian ini adalah untuk menunjukkan
bagaimana sosok Diponegoro dalam konsep yang berbeda.
Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif yang terutama digunakan dalam semiotika Pierce tanda yang termasuk dalam tiga aspek - tanda icon, tanda-tanda indeks, dan tanda-
tanda simbol untuk memeriksa karya seni dan makna triangulasi teoretis mereka dicapai dengan menggunakan teori pascakolonial dan menulis dalam analisis karya seni ini .
Hibriditas budaya, identitas, nasionalisme, pembangunan bangsa, dan ide-ide lain yang hadir dalam karya seni beserta tanda-tandanya.
Dengan berakhirnya Perang Jawa, masyarakat Jawa mengalami perubahan besar dalam ekonomi serta aspek budaya. Lukisan merupakan sebuah bentuk seni yang diperkenalkan
ke Jawa pada periode ini. Salah satu motif pertama dalam seni lukis Indonesia adalah Pangeran Diponegoro. Sesaat setelah pelukis Java War Belanda Nicolaas Pieneman
melukis adegan pengajuan Diponegoro. Balasan Jawa datang beberapa tahun setelah dalam lukisan Raden Saleh, seniman lokal pertama yang dilatih di Eropa. S. Sudjojono adalah
salah satu pelukis paling menonjol Indonesia dan ia melukis Pangeran Diponegoro sebagai pahlawan nasional pada tahun 1979. Pada tahun 1994 muncul artis Indonesia memberi
penghormatan kepada Diponegoro dalam karya seninya dan pada tahun 2007 Heri Dono melukis lukisan karikatur tentang penangkapan salah Diponegoro di dipelintir Indonesia.
Ide kepahlawanan berubah dalam waktu ke waktu dan itu juga tampak berbeda dari periode sejarah yang berbeda. Lukisan Belanda Pangeran Diponegoro memiliki rasa kebanggaan
dan martabat di dalamnya. Namun itu tampak sebagai ekspresi ketidaktahuan Belanda, arogansi, dan dominasi atas Jawa. Respon Jawa juga kontroversial - yang melihatnya
sebagai proto-nasionalis lukisan, sementara yang lainnya menolak itu sebagai sepotong budak seni. Lukisan Indonesia penuh dengan nasionalisme dan kebanggaan, tetapi juga
dengan pesan peringatan artistik yang kuat dan kritik terhadap masyarakat. Sementara beberapa tanda-tanda memiliki makna yang jelas yang ditunjukkan dalam penelitian ini,
mayoritas dari mereka adalah ibarat cairan yang terbuka untuk diskusi tentang ide-ide nasionalisme, heroisme, dan identitas di Indonesia.
Kata Kunci: pahlawan nasional, budaya, Indonesia, Pangeran Diponegoro
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MOTTO
~ There is no need to carry me to another prison. My life is already ebbing away.
I suggest that you nail me to a cross and burn me alive. My flaming body will be a torch to light my people on their path to freedom.
Gavrilo Princip 1894-1918 ~
Diponegoro
is a combination of words Which, when literally translated from Javanese to English, means:
„The Light
of t
he Country‟ perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
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˷
To My Heroes: My Family and My Friends
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
1. The First Western Look at Pangeran Diponegoro
43
1.1. A. J. Bick, charcoal sketch, 1830
43
1.2. A. C. Anthony, lithography, 1830
43
1.3. Note of 100 Indonesian rupiah from 1952
43
2. Nicolaas Pieneman: Submission of Diponegoro 1830-1835
45
3. Javanese Look at Pangeran Diponegoro
52
3.1. Batik Perang Diponegoro
52
3.2. Pangeran Diponegoro from Buku Kedung Kebo
52
3.3. Portrait of young Pangeran Diponegoro
52
3.4. and 3.5.Wayang Diponegoro
52
4. Raden Saleh: The Arrest of Pangeran Diponegoro 1857
55
5. Diponegoro as National Symbol in years after Independence
66
5.1. Equestrian Statue of Diponegoro in Monas – Monumen Nasional
5.2. National Monument, Jakarta. Work of Italian sculptor Cobertaldo
66
5.3. Basuki Abdulah „Diponegoro Memimpin Pertempuran‟ 1940-1960
66
6. Pangeran Diponegoro in New Order Era 1966
–
1998
69
6.1.
Equestrian statue of Pangeran Diponegoro in main square in Magelang 69
6.2. Sasana Wiratama in Jogjakarta
69
6.3. Equestrian statue of Pangeran Diponegoro in Semarang
69
7. S. Sudjojono: Diponegoro 1979
74
8.
S. Sudjojono. 1979. Pasukan Kita Yang Dipimpin Pangeran Diponegoro Our Soldiers Led Under Prince Diponegoro.
80
9.
Djajeng Asmoro. 1980. Pangeran Diponegoro.
80
10. Agung Kurniawan: Homage to Prince Diponegoro 1994
87
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Pangeran Diponegoro detail
88
10.2. Kesatria Baja Hitam Kamen Rider Black – Japanese superhero
88
11. Heri Dono: Salah Tangkap Pangeran Diponegoro 2007
91
12.
Heri Dono. 2002.
Raden Saleh Jadi Londo
96
13.
Heri Dono. 2009. The Error of Pieneman‟s Perspective
96
14. Contemporary Look at Pangeran Diponegoro
98
14.1. Opera Diponegoro
98
14.2. Dramatic reading about Pangeran Diponegoro
98
14.3. Indieguerillas. 2012.
This Hegemony Life
99
14.4. and 14.5. Manga-like Diponegoro
99
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ASRI
Akademi Seni Rupa Indonesia Indonesian Fine Art Academy
HIK Hollandsche Indische Kweekschool
Dutch East Indian School for Teachers
IKJ Institut Kesenian Jakarta
Institute for Art Jakarta
ISI Institut Seni Indonesia
Indonesian Institute for Art
ITB
Institut Teknik Bandung Techincal Institute in Bandung
IVAA Indonesian Visual Art Archive
KBBI Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia
Great Dictionary of Indonesian
LEKRA Lembaga Kebudayaan Rakyat
Institute for People‟s Culture
PERSAGI Persatoean Asal Gambar Indonesia
Association of Indonesian Drawing Specialists
PKI Partai Komunis Indonesia
Communist Party of Indonesia
POETRA Poesat Tenaga Rakjat
Centre for the People‟s Poаer
S. Sindudarsono
