The procedure steps in descriptive content analyses are: -
Define the research questions – depiction of national hero -
Review the collected data with respect to the research questions – literary and theory review about the concepts of heroism in Indonesia, visual semiotics and
Postcolonial theory. -
Identify the informational content with respect to the research question – this part will be discussed in the next, main chapter of this research, together with last step
- Prepare a concise descriptive summary of the key informational contents.
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C. Data and Source of Data
Table 1: Primary Data Paintings from the 19th century:
Nicolaas Pieneman 1809-1860:
The Submission of Diponegoro c.1830- 1835,
oil on canvas, 77 x 100 cm, Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. Raden Saleh 1811?
– 1880:
The Arrest of Pangeran Diponegoro 1857,
oil on canvas, 111 x 180 cm, Presidential Palace Collection in Jakarta
Painting from mid the 20th century: S. Sudjojono 1913?
– 1986:
Diponegoro 1979,
oil on canvas, 136 x 200 cm, Centre and Museum S. Sudjojono in Jakarta
End of the 20th century, beginning of 21st century: Agung Kurniawan born 1968:
Homage to Prince Diponegoro 1994,
mix media: pastel, paper, conte, collage, 90 x 100 cm, from IVAA slide collection
Heri Dono born 1960:
Wrong Arrest of Prince Diponegoro 2007,
oil on canvas, 150 x 200 cm, Gallery Nedi
– Jakarta
Archives used to access these painting are through Indonesian Visual Contemporary Art Archive IVAA which is based in Yogyakarta. This place was also valuable for the
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Retrieved from Web presentation of FenRIAM Foresight enriched Research Infrastructure Impact Assessment Methodology and their subpage about FenRIAM methods - http:www.fenriam.eudescriptive-
content-analysis.html 16. January 2014
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secondary data which includes the books about Indonesian painting, painters, and articles from news-papers about art exhibitions, the catalogues from art exhibitions with curatorial
writings, discussions toward contemporary Indonesian art, and others. Two living artists and very active ones on this list are Agung Kurniawan and Heri Dono. The first one is
founder of
Kedai Kebun Forum
– which is active and attractive place in Yogyakarta for dialogue concerning place of art in contemporary Indonesia. Interview with people engaged
in this art centre also enriched this research. The second one works between Jogjakarta and Jakarta, where his retrospective exhibition was on in July 2014.
D. Technique of Collecting Data
Qualitative research involves several phases. One of the first in this process is
collecting and sampling data. After the first impression toаard art „аar‟ in the 19th centurв where painting of Dutch and Javanese artist were extract from book and art catalogue about
nationalism in art from 2007, and the Internet resources were used. To understand better these ideas access and collecting of data was done in IVAA centre mentioned above.
Five paintings were chosen according to their relevance and importance to research question. Nicolaas Pieneman opens discussion; his oil on canvas is first depiction of
Diponegoro in paintings. Raden Saleh responded to Pieneman‟s Яision. Raden Saleh is considered as a
„father‟ of Indonesian art. Same „title‟ is giЯen to S. Sudjojono. While Raden Saleh opens the door for Javanese and other Indonesians to be brave and to engage
themselves in this art form, S. Sudjojono was challenging them to think what and how they pai
nt. He gaЯe „Indonesian‟ prefix in art historв of Indonesia. His art opponent is Basuki Abdulah who created art as propaganda. Contemporary artist Agung Kurniawan and Heri
Dono gave a new, fresh, and brave look toward Pangeran Diponegoro as heroic figure. They question issues such as: heroism, national ideology, mythology, they are brave
enough to use caricature, satire and irony in their work. To look at one painting one needs to know main tools for reading it. The elements
of painting that are crucial for understanding and appreciate one piece of art are: usage of colours, lines, perspective, composition, and with that how did artist make illusion of time,
motion and space usage of lights, shadows, representation of texture, facial expressions... perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
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After this observation, comes the analyses of available texts around artwork, understanding historical context, seeking for author‟s аords: labels, text next to artаork, notes from
sketches, comments of art critics, curators and others. Data were then analysed according to the theory presented in this research Postcolonial theory and tools of semiotics. In this
research icon-index-symbol triptych was used, together with the Barthesian denotation and connotation form from his „Rhetoric of Image‟.
E. Technique of Analyzing Data
