The Review of Related Literature Society and Literature

1.6 The Review of Related Literature

In writing the thesis, I use some literary text books that are related to the analysis of the subject. These text books are helpful for me to get some more information, ideas, and others in order to add my knowledge and understanding about the analysis. Those books are as follows: Pengantar Studi Kesejahteraan Sosial by M. Fadhi Nurdin 1989. It helps me to understand about social problems and social problems factors. He states p.55 that: “Sumber masalah sosial dapat timbul dari kekurangan – kekurangan dalam diri manusia atau kelompok, baik yang disebabkan oleh faktor – faktor ekonomis, biologis, biopsikologis, dan kebudayaan..... Faktor – faktor kebudayaan, misalnya perceraian, kenakalan anak, konflik rasial, dan sebagainya.” “Social problems factors may be raised from the weakness of human it self or group, that caused by economy factors, biology factors, biopsychology factors, and culture factors….. Culture factors, for examples divorce, child disobedience, racial conflict, and so on”. Own translation. On Racism 1984 by Earnest N Bracey helps me to know and understand the social life in the period of racial issue, how the society treats the Blackman and the effects of racial issue. He states p.31 that: “… black slaves were being maimed for constantly running away, sexually abused and assaulted, terrorized and brutally beaten into submission – to work for mostly white slave holders.” Universitas Sumatera Utara Social Psychology 2003 by Robert S. Feldman helps me to know the social influences to human behavior. It also helps me to understand that racial issue is a consequence of discrimination, prejudice, and stereotype in society. Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER II RACIAL ISSUE AND CULTURAL FACTORS

2.1 Cultural Factor as One of the Social Problems

Social problems have a wide definition because it does not only cover social problems but also the problems in the society that are connected with abnormal symptom in society, which is called ameliorative or social problems. A social problem is the way of behavior which is against one or more accepted norms and occurred norms in society. The term of social problems is limited to problems which rise in family, group, or individual behavior. According to the definition above, social problems are related to two main elements: deviant behavior and norms of society. In narrow meaning, social problems are limited to the problems in family, but the changes of individual behavior need the interference of society so that the society could continue its function. Drs M. Fadhi Nurdin in Pengantar Studi Kesejahteraan Sosial 1989:54 states that: “Masalah sosial merupakan kemunduran atau penyimpangan tingkah laku sosial, bukan berhubungan dengan penyimpangan orang perseorangan, melainkan menyangkut penyimpangan tingkah laku dari sejumlah orang yang cukup besar. Namun demikian, penyimpangan tingkah laku seseorang bila mampu mempengaruhi banyak orang merupakan gejala timbulnya masalah sosial, karena masalah ini mengundang perhatian banyak Universitas Sumatera Utara anggota masyakarat di tempat penyimpangan sosial itu terjadi.” “Social problems are a decline or deviant behavior of society, related to a big numbers of people’s deviant behavior, not related to individual deviant. In spite of if the deviance of some one behavior could affect some people can be a symptom of social problems, because this problem invites the attention of some members of society in where the deviant society is happened.” Own translation There are some systems of values or social norms in social life which are standards of social as the standard whether behavior of some one or society has been deviated or not. The differences between social standards and social realities could raise the social problems. Social problems always aim at a gorge between hopes to individual or to a group with realities about what needs can be fulfilled, what values and purposes can be reached, how some one act, and what some one could get in a society. It can be concluded that a social problem has individual and social aspects. Deviant behavior is a social problem by means individual difficulties, abnormal behavior or action, wrong style in society, and thought about deviant identities like crime, mental illness, unusual appearance of parents, and so on. Social problem as a social disorganization can consist of various social dysfunctions to state social problems in the definition of social, for example social reaction to war, disaster, racism, unemployment, anomie, high rates of divorce and crime. Universitas Sumatera Utara Drs M. Fadhi Nurdin in Pengantar Studi Kesejahteraan Sosial 1989:55 states that there are four factors in social problems; they are economic factors, biological factors, biopsychological factors, and cultural factors. Economic factors for examples are poverty, unemployment, and so on. Biological factors can be varied problems which come from diseases. Biopsychological factor for examples can be caused by neurosis, suicide, and so on. Cultural factors, for examples divorce, child disobedience, racial conflict, and others. In this thesis I will discuss one of the social problems, that is cultural factor. I will not discuss the cultural factor fully and deeply, because I only focus in the impact of racial issue on the characters, as one of the factors in social problems. Feldman in Social Psychology 1995:485 defines culture as the learned behavior, beliefs, and attitudes that are characteristics of an individual society or population. However it also encompasses the products that people create, such as architecture, music, art, and literature. In brief, culture is created and shaped by people, while at the same time it shapes people’s behavior. It means that culture has great impact to people’s behavior and attitude. If some people have deviant behavior, the good culture will change to be bad culture. But it cannot deny that individual deviant can also affect the culture. For instances, the divorce of parents can impact the children’s attitude. They could be children, who lived in drunken, drugs, make a disturbance, free sex because they cannot get love from their parent. Universitas Sumatera Utara They do such mash things that makes the society in unrest to hide their family and to seek for true love they cannot get from their parents; racial issue also affect people’s behavior and attitude such like in All God’s Chillun Got Wings. Culture mediates interaction among actors and integrates the personality and social system. Thus, in the social system, culture is embodied in norms and values, and in the personality system, it is internalized by the actor. Culture can move from one social system to another through diffusion and from one personality system to another through learning and socialization. By this, we can conclude that personality system is controlled not only by the social system but also by the cultural system. Goodman and Ritzer define personality as the organized system of orientation and motivation of action of the individual actor. They also state that the basic component of personality is the need dispositions as the “most significant units of motivation of action”. Need-dispositions are then defined as “these same tendencies when they are not innate but acquired through the process of action itself”. Need-disposition impels actors to accept or reject objects presented in the environment and to seek out new objects if the ones that are available do not adequately satisfy need-dispositions. Parsons differentiated among three basic types of need-dispositions. The first type impels actors to seek, love, approval, and so forth from their social relationships. The second type includes internalized values that lead actors to observe various cultural standards. Finally, there are the role expectations Universitas Sumatera Utara that lead actors to give and get appropriate responses. It not means that actors are passive but the actor or person makes creative modifications as he internalizes culture.

2.1.1 Racial Issue: a Consequence of Discrimination, Prejudice, and Stereotype

Racial issue is not a strange one for every people anymore. Almost every time we hear, we see, and we watch it in our daily life as if it is a usual thing. Racialism has been a part of human life in the whole human history. Racial issue is the prejudice directed at people because of their race. It has brought destruction to human, social and individual life. In social life, it makes the deep gap in society, between black and white, rich and poor. And the most seriously, it could bring war and death. In individual, the racial issue affected human sense of self and it also influences human social behavior, psychology, health, and so on. It can destroy our innate, cannot accept ourselves and it also makes us in loneliness, low self esteem, in fear, uncanny emotion, unsatisfactory relation with others, increasing anxiety and even madness. According to Feldman 1995:80, there are three aspects that make hatred, including racism, come into existence; they are prejudice, stereotype and discrimination. Universitas Sumatera Utara a Prejudice is the negative or positive evaluations or judgments of members of a group that are based primarily on membership in the group and not necessarily on the particular characteristics of individual members. b Stereotype is a set of beliefs and expectations about members of a group that are held simply on the basis of their membership in the group. Stereotype could provide a framework for prejudiced individuals to view others’ behavior. Ultimately, stereotypes may increase the chances of discrimination to occur. c Discrimination is the behavioral manifestation of stereotypes and prejudice. It refers to negative or sometimes positive action towards members of other group due to their membership in a group. Although prejudice and discrimination often go hand in hand, one may be present without the other. A person who harbors prejudice may not necessarily engage in overt discrimination, because the target of his or her prejudice may not present. For example, someone may dislike Indonesian without ever having an opportunity to interact with them. Furthermore, laws against discrimination, as well as strong social norms or standards, may prevent overt discrimination, although it still may occur in more subtle ways. Hence, the presences of prejudice dose not always lead directly to discrimination. Universitas Sumatera Utara Usually discrimination, prejudice, and stereotype in racism towards minority groups, their right has been destroyed by the majority groups. Minority here are not just groups that are numerically smaller than majority groups. Feldman in Social Psychology 1995:81 states that minority group means a group in which the members have significantly less power, control, and influence over their own lives than do members of a dominant group. In African-American, minority group is Blackman or African and majority group is Whiteman or American. In the twentieth century, Blackman was made as a slave to Whiteman. They had no right for their self and as if no hope and better future for them. We can see it also in a novel written by Ralp Ellison, an African-American, Invisible Man. He wrote, “I am an invisible man. I am a man of substance, of flesh and bone, fiber and liquids – and I might even be said to posses a mind. I am invisible, understand, simply because people refuse to see me” Ellison, 1954, p.3. Eugene O’Neill in All God’s Chillun Got Wings also gives his opinion to this statement as if he wonders when the unity will be. He makes it to be the theme of his play All God’s Chillun Got Wings and summaries it in Jim Harris argument with his sister, Hattie Harris, he says: “You with your fool talk of the black race and the white race Where does the human race get a chance to come in?” Universitas Sumatera Utara Du Bois in his most famous concepts, The Veil, reflected the condition on his best and most lyrical statements: “And then-- the veil, the veil of color. It drops as drops the night on southern seas—vast, sudden, unanswering. There is hate behind it, and cruelty and tears. As one peers through its intricate, unfathomable pattern of ancient, old, old design, one sees blood and guilt and misunderstanding. And yet it hangs there, this veil, between then and now, between Pale and Colored and Black and White—between you and me…. We may feverishly unravel its edges and even climb slow with giant shears to where it’s ringed and gilded top nestles close to the throne of Eternity. But as we work and climb we shall see through streaming eyes and hears with aching ears, lynching and murder, cheating and despising, degrading and lying, so flashed and flashed through this vast hanging darkness that the Doer never sees the Dead and the Victim knows not the Victor and Each Hate All in Wild and bitter ignorance. Listen, O Isles, to those voices from within the veil, for they portray the most human hurt of the twentieth Cycle.” They were also sexually abused and brutally beaten into submission as if they were not human. Bracey On Racism 1984:31 states that: “… black slaves were being maimed for constantly running away, sexually abused and assaulted, terrorized and brutally beaten into submission – to work for mostly white slave holders.” Nowadays, Racism still exists in our life, especially in America even though it is not as extreme as in the twentieth century. It is called Modern Racism. Feldman 1995:95 defines Modern Racism as a subtle form of prejudice in which people appear, on the surface, not to harbor prejudice, but who actually do hold racist attitudes. It arises because people often hold several competing beliefs and values. They want to see themselves as part of Universitas Sumatera Utara the mainstream of society and as fair, humanitarian, and egalitarian. They still hold on negative views of groups out of their group and think that their group is better than others. In most cases, they could wrap their prejudice and try to live as if there are no differences, but when they are placed in a situation in which they are given social support of racism, they are willing to express and sometimes to act on, their unfavorable opinion. According to statistic data of FBI there are the increasing of racial criminalities in that country. Reformation in the year of sixtieth until this day can not perfectly guarantee the right of Blackman in America. For example, Obama, the candidate which is chosen to be a president of America is stuck because of his race. The views of whites and African-Americans are almost the mirror image of one another. White tends to feel that race relations between White and African-Americans have been improving, while African- Americans tend to think they are become worse and unworthy. The Racism not only happens between White and African-American but also with other ethnics. For instance, the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights 1990 record that Cambodian, Vietnamese, and Laotian refugees, resettled in the United States, are facing a rash of physical assaults, including beating, rock throwing, vandalism, arson, intimidation, and racial slurs. Often these individuals cannot even walk along the public street without being physically attacked and threatened because of their race or national origin. Universitas Sumatera Utara

2.2 Society and Literature

There are two methods in analyzing literary works; they are intrinsic and extrinsic. In completion the analyzing of this thesis, I use the extrinsic method. Analyzing with extrinsic method means analyzing the literary works from external factors, such as biography, history, anthropology, psychology, society, philosophy, religion, and other arts. In clear purpose, I analyze the play from society approach. Parson, the sociologist, known as the Structural Functionalist, in his work The Social System 1951 concentrates on the structures of society and their relationship to each other. These structures were seen as mutually supportive and tending toward a dynamic equilibrium. He emphasis on how order was maintained among the various elements of society. Parson not only concerned with the social system but also with its relationship to the other action systems, especially the cultural and personality system. It means that society, personality, and culture cannot be separated; they are influence each other. According to Wellek and Warren, there are three points in literature and society; they are the author, the work, and the reader. The author cannot be freed from his unconsciousness between reality and imagination in write his literary works. His values of life and his way of thinking will cover his works. This unconsciousness called archetype. Archetype can be divided into two; they are individual unconsciousness and collective unconsciousness. Individual unconsciousness is the values of the author and collective Universitas Sumatera Utara unconsciousness is the values of society or groups, for examples in Indonesian’s mind, American lives with free sex. Society and literature can be observed from society’s influence in literary works. Literature is the social institution which uses language as the media. All arts, literary works, and even the technique of traditional literature such symbolism and others has social characteristic. Wellek and Warren in Theory of Literature 1977:94 state that: “…literature ‘represents’ ‘life’; and ‘life’ is, in large measure, a social reality, even though the natural world and the inner or subjective world of the individual have also been objects of literary ‘imitation’.” Literature can be a picture of life in the past, now, and future. For instances, we could know from play The Spanish Tragedy by Kyd how the society life in the period of Elizabethan 1558-1652 in which the extraordinary social change: a medieval society, where man still believed in Christian ordered universe, was yielding to a more modern, secular society in which the court rather than the church became the center of power and in which money and politic played and increasing part. This play is talk about a man who avenges his son’s murderer. In longs for revenge he also should await heaven’s justice, and it make him mad: in the last act he stages a play in which he runs amok, killing innocent and guilty alike. We can learn today’s life for example from a true story novel A Child Called ‘it’. In this novel we could learn a child abuse that is done by his own mother. His Universitas Sumatera Utara mother not just treats him cruelly but also calls him ‘it’ as if he is not man but animal. And child abuse more and more happen in our society. We also could learn about economy, law, psychology, detective, family, love, and so on that can widen our knowledge about life from a literature. For example, Agatha Christie’s detective novel After the Funeral. The death of the older brother, Richard, their family life becomes dispersed. All of the members of the family start to count the welt they will get, even the maid of their youngest sister which kills their sister Cora Lansquenet. They try to look for who is the murder by helping of their lawyer who has called a famous detective, Hercule Poirot. In this novel we not only learn about detective but we could also learn about family life, love, economy, and psychology. In primitive society, we cannot differentiate poems from ritual, magic, work or play. Literature has its social function which is not individual wholly. It means that the problems of literary study are social problems: tradition, convention, norm, genre, symbol, and myth. We can conclude that literature is the agency of life to express itself; but as the agent of life, literature cannot express the life fully and concretely. Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER III THE METHOD OF STUDY Each scientific writing should have a certain kind of method to analyze the problem that is taken. So does this thesis. It uses an approach to discover accurate information about social problems and its impact to the personal or individual in that society. I use some steps; identify and analyze the problem, collect data, draw conclusion, and revise theories. The method that is used in this thesis is library research which done within extrinsic approach to analyze the impact of social life to one individual. All God’s Chillun Got Wings is a play that tells about the violation of personal selfhood one with the collective violation of the communal spirit. This play tells about a powerful of the impact of racial issue. Therefore I am very interested to analyze how the four characters react in facing the racial issue and how the racial issue impacts the characters.

3.1 The Research Method