1. Comprehensive reading is the important technique for collecting the data.
The comprehensive reading means reading very carefully in order to understand the plot and meaning in each of an incident in the novel. For
understanding and gaining the meaning, the researcher read the novel many times.
2. Writing all the data. The data which related to Ma Joad were written in a
notebook to make easy in sorting the data later. In addition, the page and the chapter of the data were also written to make easy in finding the data.
3. Reading the theories that had been written in chapter two. The function
of reading theory is to sort the data whether the data were applicable to the theory or not. Moreover, reading theory also confirmed that the sorted
data were in line to the theory. 4.
After the data was sorted, the researcher created a table. Creating the table has function to classify the data. The table has also function to help
analyze the data that had been collected. The table below describes the form:
5.
The Data Sheet
No Datum
Page Meaning
Category Sub-Category
1. Men stood by their
fences and looked at the ruined corn,
drying fast now, only a little green showing
throught the film of dust. The men were
silent and didn‘t move often. The women
came out the houses to 2
Pa‘s warning shows that
women must wait men‘s
leader to lead the family.
Gender Discrimination
Being prohibited to
help her husband leading
the family
stand beside their men
—―We shoul‘ prepare our way,‖ Ma
said. ―We are thinking, and that‘s
what we do.‖ Pa warns.
Figure 2. Example Data Sheet
E. Data Analysis Technique
According to Given 2008:185 there are six steps used in analyzing the data: organizing and preparing the data, reading through all the
data, categorizing the data, giving the description, interrelating description and interpreting the meaning of description.
1. For organizing and preparing the data, the researcher wrote all the data in
the novel related to Ma Joad. 2.
Reading all the data is the second technique to find the major topic of the data. In this research, the researcher found that kinds of problem related to
women‘s roles, the struggles of female character to gain equality on the roles, and the significant meanings became the major topic.
3. Categorizing the data is third technique. The data were categorized into
thematic categories. In this research, the kinds of problems were categorized into two problems; being discriminated and women‘s
stereotypes. Then, the struggles of female character were categorized into five struggles; being a leader of family, being influential figure, working
outside the house, protecting herself and family from the danger, and expressing rational opinion.
4. The last step is making interpretations relating to the data that had been
categorized and sorted based on the researcher‘s comprehension about the theory.
F. Trustworthiness
According to Given 2008:895, ―there are four criteria used to achieve the trustworthiness of the data; dependability, conformability,
transferability, and credibility.‖ However, this research just uses transferability and credibility to achieve the trustworthiness.
Transferability is a further way to present all research findings to all those who were in the population of literature study. In this research, the
consultants were Ari Nurhayati, M.Hum and Eko Rujito, M.Hum as the readers who were in literature study. In transferability, the researcher and the
readers are important elements. The researcher presented and analyzed the findings, while the readers assess whether the analyzing had a relation to the
research focuses. The researcher gave background information relating to the topic of analysis in chapter two for providing the readers about the context of
the research. Credibility is a way to get high validity of research. For gaining it,
triangulation is a proper way. According to Given 2008:896 states that triangulation technique is the use of different sources of information to
confirm and to improve the clarity or precision of research findings. In completing this technique, the researcher invited the classmates to check the
