CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Review of Related Studies
There are several studies on the development personality which are done by several researchers. One of them is done by Caroline A. Watt and Robert L. Morris on their journal
entitled The Relationships among Performance on a Prototype Indicator of Perceptual DefenseVigilance, Personality, and Extrasensory Perception. Overall, the journal states
about two experiments comparing performances on a prototype indicator of perceptual defense or vigilance with performances on other related measures of individual differences.
They define the defensiveness in several ways. The concept has its origin in the psychoanalytic theory, in which the ego uses defense mechanisms to defend itself against
anxiety Freud,1966. Theymore focus on the process of defense than on the goal of defense, which is the cognitive approach conceptualizes defense as the cognitive aspect of
threatening situation Lazarus and Folkman, 1984. The researcher discoveres the similar topic in Barata Azeem Garay undergraduate
thesis, “Gayle’s Defense Mechanism in Gayle Sanders’ Mummy Witness”. This study mainly discusses the conflicts experienced by Gayle and how those conflicts can influence
Gayle to reveal her defense mechanism. To analyze the problems, the psychological approach is applied. Four main theories, namely theory of character, theory of conflict,
theory of psychoanalysis, and theory of defense mechanism, are applied as the basic theories of this study. Garay concludes first that there are sixGayle’s characteristics are found using
the theory of character and characterization by Abrams 2012. These characteristics are fearful, miserable, disturbed, obedient, suicidal, and brave. Second, Garay finds three
5 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
conflicts by using the theory of conflict from Kenney 1966 and Harmon 2003. These conflicts areGayle’s conflict with herself, Gayle’s conflict with the society, and Gayle’s
conflict with Tom. He also implements the theory of defense mechanism Kasschau, 1995 to answer the defense mechanism that Gayle has. They aredisplacement, regression, and
repression. The similar object is found in Putri Apriliana’s undergraduate thesis, “Different Self-
Defense Mechanism in major characters in Alice Walker’s “Everyday Use: Psychoanalytic Reading”. The goal of conducting this research is to find the different self-defense
mechanisms in the major character and conflicts faced by the character and also how the defense mechanisms are revealed in every character to solve those conflicts. The approach
used here is the psychological approach, mainly applying the dynamic approach from Tyson’s theory. The study resultsthe relationship between Mama, Dee, and Maggie which is
different. Apriliana states that Mama is characterized as a tough, patient, honest, wise, firm, and caring woman. Overall, she states that Mama is a nice person and that is why she is the
protagonist of the story. Dee is characterized as unappreciative, disrespectful, uneducated about heritage, arrogant, greedy, and selfish. Overall,it may concluded that she is not a
good person. She is the antagonist of the story. Maggie is characterized as unattractive, shy, quiet, and respectful. Generally, she is a nice person that makes her the protagonist of
thestory too. The different self-defense mechanisms between Mama, Dee, and Maggieare caused by the past events they share especially between the two sisters, Dee and Maggie.
Mama, Dee, and Maggie have a few core issues from the concept of psychoanalytic theory by Tyson. Apriliana implements defense mechanisms theory which proposes three types of
defense mechanism which aredenial, avoidance, and displacement. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
B. Review of Related Theories
In order to answer the problem formulations of this research, there are some theories which are usedto support the analysis. Those theories are presented briefly as follows.
1. Theory of Characterization
M.J. Murphy in his book Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to English Poetry and English Novel for Overseas Students exemplifies some ways in representing the
characters. These are some of the ways that the writer will use in this study 1972: 161. The first is by the Character as seen by another. The author can describe the character
through the eyes and opinion of another instead of describing the character directly. The second is by the Speech. Through what the character says, the author can give us insight into
the characteristic of one of the charactersin the story. The third is by the character’s Past Life. The author can give the reader a clue that has helped to shape a character’s
characteristic as they are now present by learning about a character’s life. It can be done by direct comment by the author, through the thought of the character, through the person’s
conversation or through the medium of another character. The fourth is by the Conversation of Others. It is the conversation of other character and the things they say about the
character. The fifth is by the Personal Description. It is when the character describes their own physical appearance or clothes. And the last is by the character’s Reactions. The
character shows their character from their reactions to various situations and events Murphy, 1972:161
2. Theory of Defense Mechanism
In psychoanalytictheory, the basis of thought is what drives human being is not the consciousness, but the unconsciousness. A psychologist named Sigmund Freud firstly
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