B. Review of Related Theories
In order to answer the problem formulations of this research, there are some theories which are usedto support the analysis. Those theories are presented briefly as follows.
1. Theory of Characterization
M.J. Murphy in his book Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to English Poetry and English Novel for Overseas Students exemplifies some ways in representing the
characters. These are some of the ways that the writer will use in this study 1972: 161. The first is by the Character as seen by another. The author can describe the character
through the eyes and opinion of another instead of describing the character directly. The second is by the Speech. Through what the character says, the author can give us insight into
the characteristic of one of the charactersin the story. The third is by the character’s Past Life. The author can give the reader a clue that has helped to shape a character’s
characteristic as they are now present by learning about a character’s life. It can be done by direct comment by the author, through the thought of the character, through the person’s
conversation or through the medium of another character. The fourth is by the Conversation of Others. It is the conversation of other character and the things they say about the
character. The fifth is by the Personal Description. It is when the character describes their own physical appearance or clothes. And the last is by the character’s Reactions. The
character shows their character from their reactions to various situations and events Murphy, 1972:161
2. Theory of Defense Mechanism
In psychoanalytictheory, the basis of thought is what drives human being is not the consciousness, but the unconsciousness. A psychologist named Sigmund Freud firstly
introduces the concept of ‘unconsciousness’. The unconsciousness is the basis of thought in the psychoanalytic theory thatdrives human being.
In this theory, Freud also presents his own perspective on the definition of ‘self’. The sense of self commonly refers to the defining elements of personality and character.
Freud revolts this view by defining self or ego as a “dimension of subjectivity which is internally fashioned through interpersonal relationship and intense
emotional experiences, particularly experience in early infancy and childhood” Elliot, 2002:10.
The very famous concept in psychoanalysis proposed by Freud is the division of what
structures human. He introduces the terms ‘ego, superego, and id’. It is called tripartite model Bressler, 1998:150. Ego is the rational, logical, waking part of the mind. It is
usually recognized by the visible entity which is the human. Superego is the thing which shapes, control, and even restricts the ego. In real life, superego is represented by the
existence of grand narration or discourses where humans live. Id is the more abstract entity which runs the function of being what exactly the human wants. Unconsciousness is the
main distinctive point that psychoanalysis officially deals with. According to Tyson, the unconsciousness consists of repressed wounds, fears,
unresolved conflicts, and guilty desires. It has been stated in hisCritical Theory Today: A User Friendly Guide second edition Tyson, 2013:12. In Using Critical Theory: Using
Critical Theory to Read and Write about Literature, Tyson states that the theory of psychoanalysis focuses on event that we go throughin our life as we grow up, affects, and
shapes our psychological development, and we can see this development as we get older. These early experiences tend to perform in our adult lives Tyson, 2013:23. Tyson explains
that we all experience some sort of psychological problem in our lives, and psychological problems are a natural and unavoidable part of being human that means that we all have at
least one problem that is related to our psychology, and it is important to try to identify and understand them because, according to the psychoanalytic theory, that is how we can start to
heal the problems Tyson, 2013:23. Psychoanalysis often involves a long series of sessions with the client in which
original causes are often searching through childhood relationships. For Freud, the purpose of psychoanalysisis to bring repressed memories, fears, and thoughts back to the conscious
level of awareness. Freud states that the ego employs a range of defense mechanism in order to deal with conflicts and problems in life. Defense mechanisms operate at an unconscious
level and help to ward off pleasant feelings or make good things feel better for the individual. The ego, driven by the id, is confined by the superego, repulsed by reality, and
struggles to master its economic task of bringing about harmony among the forces and influences working in and upon it.We can understand how it is that so often we cannot
suppress a cry life is not easy If the ego is obliged to admit its weakness, it breaks out in anxiety regarding the outside world, moral anxiety regarding the superego, and neurotic
anxiety regarding the strength of the passions in the idFreud, 1933:78. Memories are banished to the unconscious, or unacceptable drives or urges do not
disappear. They continue to exert a powerful influence on behavior. The forces, which try to keep painful or socially undesirable thoughts and memories out of the conscious mind, are
termed defense mechanisms. Defense mechanisms are used to protect ourselves from feelings of anxiety or guilt, which arise because we feel threatened, or because our id or
superego becomes too demanding. They are not under our conscious control, and are non- voluntaristic. With the ego, our unconsciousnessuses one or more to protect us when we
come up against a stressful situation in life. Ego-defense mechanisms are natural and PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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