3. Theory of Characterization
Rohrberger and Woods 19, say when an author creates characters, this process is called characterization. An author can create their characters based on the kinds of
people met in his or her surrounding or just the creation of his or her own imagination. The author can combine some characteristics of people around him or
her and mix them up to create a character. Murphy 161-173 presents nine ways of characterization. First is personal
description. The author can describe a person’s appearance and clothes. The author describes the person’s appearance in details. The explanation of the clothes also
assists in shaping the personal description of a character. As a result of the appearance and clothes, the readers can easily figure out the character. The readers
can imagine how the character looks like. As a result, they may have a clear picture of the character.
The second is characters as seen by another. The description of the characters can also be seen from another character’s opinion. Describing a character using
others’ comments is used as the second way to make variation in the story. Instead of describing a character directly, the author can describe the character through the eyes
and opinions of another. The reader gets, as it were, a reflected image. Describing the character using other characters’ opinions can also reveal the relation and emotion of
the characters in the story.
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The third is speech. The author can give us an insight into the character of one of the persons in the book through what other person says. Whenever the person
speaks, whenever the person is in conversation with another, whenever the person puts forward an opinion, he or she is giving us some clues to his or her character.
The next way is past life. By letting the readers learn something about a person’s past life, the author can provide us a clue to the events that have helped to
shape a person’s character. This can be obtained from the direct comment by the author, through of the person’s thought, through his conversation or through the
medium of another person. Another way is throughout conversation of others. The author can also give us
clues to a person’s character through both the conversation of other people and the things they say about the character. People do talk about other people and the things
they say often give as a clue to the character the person talking about. The sixth is reactions. The author can also give us a clue to a person’s character
by letting us know how that person reacts to various situations and events. People react differently if they face certain events. Characters in the novel will also give
different response to the events happening in the story. The seventh is direct comment. The author can describe or comment on a
person’s character directly. Direct comment from the author can also give us direct knowledge about characters in the story.
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Next is from the thoughts. The author can give us direct knowledge of what the person is thinking. In this respect, he is able to do what we cannot do in real life. He
can tell us what different people are thinking. In the novel, we accept this. The reader then is in a privileged position; he has, as it were, a secret listening device plugged in
to in the most thoughts of a person in a novel. The last way is mannerisms. The author can describe the person’s mannerisms, habits or idiosyncrasies, which may
also tell us something about his character.
4. Theory of Motivation
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