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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter includes the theories that are used to analize the formulated problems. This chapter is divided into two parts, namely review of related theories
and theoretical framework. The review of related theories covers critical approach, character, characterization, and motivation. Meanwhile, theoretical framework
describes the application of all theories used in this study.
A. Review of Related Theories
In this study, the writer uses four theories to support and help me in the process
of analysis. They are the theory of critical approach, theory of character, theory of characterization and theory of motivation. The theories are considered very helpful to
find out the description of the main character and his motivations in struggling to be a basketball star. These theories have different functions yet correlate to each other.
1. Theory of Critical Approach
According to Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. 3 in Reading and Writing about
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literature, every literary work has an aesthetic value. After reading a literary work, the readers will be able to respond to its aesthetic values. The response to literature as an
art form is called as aesthetic response. In order to find out the aesthetic value, a critical approach has a role to help the reader understand the nature, function, and
positive values of the literary work. It facilitates the readers to give reasonable judgment of the literary work.
Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. 13-17 propose five critical approaches. They are formalist approach, biographical approach, sociocultural-historical approach,
mythopoeic approach, and psychological approach. The first approach, the formalist approach, pinpoints to the total integrity of the literary piece itself and its aesthetic
values. This approach also concerns with the harmonious involvement of all the parts to the whole and points out the derivation of the meaning from its structure and the
determination techniques of the structure. The second approach is the biographical approach. In this approach, the
author’s personality, life, and development considered to have influences on his or her writing. It means that the work of art is the reflection of the author’s ideas and
personalities. The readers can gain more understanding on the literary work by learning about the life and the development of the author.
The third approach is the sociocultural-historical approach. In a literary work, such aspects as social, cultural, and historical are believed to have contributions to the
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author in producing the work. By using this approach, we will know the social condition and historical background at that time.
The fourth approach is the mythopoeic approach. It emphasizes on discovering certain universally recurrent patterns of human thoughts in the work of art. They
often concern about death and rebirth, guilt and sacrifices, primitive rites, and theological aspect of Christian doctrine, which are found in the ancient myth and folk
rites. Through this approach, the mystical relationship in a story can be explained. The fifth approach is the psychological approach. This approach focuses on the
human psychology. It is used to identify any aspects of psychology underlying a certain element of a literary work. It involves efforts to locate and demonstrate certain
recurring patterns drawn from psychological knowledge. Therefore, this approach provides a deeper understanding in analyzing character’s thought and how it
influences the behavior pattern. However, not all the approaches will be applied in this study. In order to find
out the description of the character and his motivations to be a basketball star, this study will use the psychological approach. The problem formulations stated earlier
are closely related to the psychology of human beings.
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2. Theory of Character
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