Bartmann in David C. McClelland’s Human Motivation 227, showed that the subjects high in need for achievement gained more in learning how to do a task from
a period of programmed instruction than the subjects low in need for achievement. Atkinson in Bernard Weiner’s Human Motivation 192 defines the need for
achievement, also known as the motive for success as a “capacity to experience pride in accomplishment.” Atkinson 193 says that “the incentive value of an achievement
goal is an affect, labeled ‘pride in accomplishment.’ It is argued that greater pride is experienced following success at a difficult task than after success at an easy task.”
c. Approach and Avoidant Motivation
According to Higgins in Franken’s Human Motivation 3, psychologists distinguish between approach causes and avoidant causes. In approach behavior,
people do things because of something they want, desire, or need. This is often conceptualized in terms of a specific goal object. For example, people will sleep
when they feel sleepy. In avoidant behavior, people do things to avoid something. For example, people who are afraid of darkness will not turn off the lamp while they are
sleeping on the night. Franken 7 explains that “the distinction between approach and avoidant
motivation is based on the idea that feelings are an important determinant of behavior”. It indicates that one’s feeling can determine what they will do or their
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behavior. Higgins in Franken’s 8 states the difference of avoidant and approach motivation. “Higgins has talked about the need to understand the role of self-focus in
helping humans to achieve goals approach motivation and to keep themselves safe and out of harms way avoidant motivation” Franken 8.
Many growth theorists suggest that discrepancy between what is out there in the environment and what is inside the individual such a knowledge or skills
However, some growth theories do not fully agree about whether it is best to account for growth motivation through approach or avoidant mechanism
creates motivation. However, discrepancies can be conceptualized as the basis for experiencing challenge an approach state or tension an avoidant
Franken 21.
McClelland 136 says the difference between avoidant and approach motives according to the sign stimulus:
In the case of avoidance motives, the sign stimulus differs from the consummatory experience sought. Inconsistency, conflict, and pain are sign
stimuli that produce negative emotions and release acts designed to produce the consummatory experience of consistency, relief, or fear reduction. In the
case of approach motives, the sign stimulus that sets up the natural incentive sequence initially may be the consummatory experience itself 136.
It can be concluded that approach motivation is motivation in which people do things because of something they want, desire, or need. In approach motivation, people try
to achieve their goals. It is like an intrinsic motivation. While avoidant motivation is motivation in which people do things to avoid something and keep themselves safe
and out of harms way. It is just like the extrinsic motivation.
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B. Theoretical Framework
