2. Theory of Character
This study uses novel as the object of the study. In order to have better understanding on a literary work such as a novel, the writer has to understand the
character in the novel first. Therefore, the writer uses the theory of character and characterization as means to get deeper understanding about the character.
Abrams 21 defines characters as the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral,
dispositional, and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say – the dialogue – and by what they do – the action. It means that the character is the person
involved in a novel. Still, there are two ways to describe the character, which is through the dialogue and the action. Through both, the characters show their
emotional qualities. In each novel there must be one or more characters that hold the main
importance of the story. These characters play an important role because the story is talking about them and the conflicts in their life. According to Milligan 155
characters are categorized into main or major characters and minor characters. Major characters are the center of the story – mostly talks about the conflicts among them –
and the most important characters in the story. On the other hand, minor characters appear only once or twice in the story and their roles are less important than the major
characters.
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Meanwhile, Perrine divides character into two, namely static and dynamic character 71. Static character is a character that does not undergo the process of
change development as a result of the things that happen to him. Perrine also states, “Dynamic character undergoes an important, basic, and permanent change in his
character, personality, or perspective” 71. Moreover, dynamic character is understood as a character that changes when
things happen to him Holman and Harmon 83. Dynamic characters are like human beings. During the period of their life, human beings always have problems and
emotion. They sometimes easily change, occasionally in a complex manner. The problems in their life change them. Someone who is cheerful is possible to turn to be
desperate when facing complicated problems. According to Forster 46-54, the character is classified into two. They are a flat
character and a round character. A flat character means a character described as the same sort of person at the end of the story as he was at the beginning. It is represented
as a single idea or quality. There are two advantages of flat characters: first, they are easily recognized whenever they come in – recognized by the readers’ emotional eye,
not by the visual eye which merely notes the recurrence of a proper name Second, the reader straightforwardly remembers them afterward. In other words, flat characters
are introduced from the beginning until the end of the story in a stable description.
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In contrast to flat character, a round character is many sided. It has complexity in temperament and motivation. This complexity is shaped by the character’s
environment Forster 48. Round characters are usually fully developed by the author, and when they are skillfully written then round character will be more memorable.
There are two ways in describing round character: first, is in the portrayal or using dramatic method. The author only presents the character talking and acting and
allows the reader to conclude what motives and nature lie beyond what they say and do. Second, letting or using direct comments. In this way, the author gets strongly
involved in order to describe, and often evaluate, the nature of dispositional qualities of the character Abrams 21-22. Those statements are supported by Rohrberger and
Woods 170. They mention round characters are artistically speaking and have a higher achievement.
The characters can also be categorized based on their actions and attitudes in the narrative. Rohrberger and Wood 17 present the terms protagonist and antagonist
to categorize characters in the novels. The protagonist is the chief character of the story which is usually, in the traditional fiction, the hero. The character is described
as a good person and mostly becomes the center of the story. In the meantime, the opponent character is known as the antagonist. As readers, we often recognize this
character as a bad person and as the enemy of the protagonist.
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3. Theory of Characterization
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