15 analysis is needed in this level. Therefore, it can also be the media of learning
vocabulary. It helps the readers not only to obtain reading skill but also to master vocabulary.
3 The Discourse level In this level, readers do not deal with the appropriate connection between
portions of a text, and the grammatical or cohesion lexical relationships between the different elements of a text. It deals with the relationships which link every
meaning of the sentences in a text. So, there is an easy understanding text which is called logical or rational. It can develop readers’ critical thinking and problem
solving since it assists the readers in finding the logical understanding of a text. 4
The writer’s intent The writer’s intent refers to the attitude and the tone. Sometimes
punctuation, intensifiers, and invectives indicate the attitude and the tone of the writer. Understanding the writer’s intent is the highest level of the reading
processes since it requires the grammatical mastery, the vocabulary mastery, and the logical understanding in conveying the meaning of the text.
d. Principles of Teaching Reading
There are two aspects of teaching reading. First, teaching reading refers to teaching learners who learn to read for the first time. The second aspect refers to
teaching learners who already have reading skills in their first language. According to Nunan 2003, there are some principles for teaching
reading. Those are:
16 1
Exploit the reader’s background knowledge Background knowledge includes all of the experience that a reader brings
to a text. Reading comprehension can be significantly enhanced if background knowledge can be activated by setting goals, asking questions, making
predictions, teaching text structure, and so on. If the students are reading on an unfamiliar topic, teacher can begin the reading process by building up the
background knowledge. 2 Build a strong vocabulary base
The students need to know the vocabulary to be succeeded in reading. The teacher has to know how the student will learn the vocabulary.
3 Teach for comprehension Monitoring comprehension is essential to successful reading. By
monitoring the comprehension processes readers can use their cognition thinking and metacognition skills thinking about their thinking.
4 Work on increasing reading rate Teacher must work towards finding a balance between assisting students
to improve their reading rate and developing reading comprehension skills. To develop fluent reader, teac
her has to focus on reducing students’ dependence on a dictionary. Skills, such as; scanning, skimming, predicting, and identifying main
ideas get students to approach reading in different ways.
