Theoretical Framework REVIEW OF LITERATURE

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

This chapter gives further information on how the study was conducted. It gives information on how the data are gathered and analyzed to answer the problems. This chapter consists of research method, research participants, instruments used in the research, data gathering technique, data analysis technique, and the research procedures.

A. Research Method

In this study, a method is set up in order to answer the questions stated in the problem formulation. The problems are first, how a set of supplementary reading material using task-based learning for the ninth grade students of Joannes Bosco junior high school is designed. Second, what a set of supplementary reading material using task-based learning for the ninth grade students of Joannes Bosco junior high school looks like. To answer these problems, the writer used research and development RD method. Gay 1994 stated that the purpose of RD method is to develop effective products for use in schools to meet specific needs and according to detailed spesifications p.10. Moreover, Borg and Gall 1983 explained the definition of educational research and development: Educational research and development RD is a process used to develop and validate educational products. The step of this process is usually referred to the RD cycle. The cycle consists of studying research findings pertinent to the product to developed, developing the product based on these findings, field testing it in the setting where it will be used eventually, and revising it to correct the deficiencies found in the field-testing stage p.772. 26 Borg and Gall 1985; p.772 also explained ten steps in the development process, called RD cycle. However, in this research the writer modified the cycle by using only five of ten steps. They are described as follows. 1. Research and information collecting It is the step of collecting the information related to the topic of the research. There were two ways in conducting this step, those were library study and classroom observation. Library study was conducted to find the theories of the research and the classroom observation was conducted to obtain some information about the students and the school. The information would be gathered using needs analysis. 2. Planning After collecting the data, the writer made a plan based on the collected information to design a product or program. 3. Develop preliminary form of product In this step, the preliminary form of product was designed. Questionnaire and interview guides were designed to obtain opinion and feedback from the field testing. 4. Preliminary field testing Questionnaire and interview were conducted to the teacher to test the product. This step was conducted to obtain feedbacks, comments, or suggestion from the respondents. The respondents were the English teacher and a lecturer of English Education of Sanata Dharma University. 27 5. Main product revision This is the last step of the cycle. The writer revises the product based on the result of evaluation, which was conducted in the fourth step. The data obtained from the questionnaire and interview is analyzed in order to revise and improve the product.

B. Research Participants

There were three participants who took a part in this research. They were the ninth grade students of SMP Joannes Bosco, the English teacher of SMP Joannes Bosco , and a lecturer of English Education Study Program who was expert in designing material. In pre-designed survey, the respondents were the ninth grade students and the English teacher of SMP Joannes Bosco. The students are involved because they are the sample of this research. The English teacher of SMP Joannes Bosco was inv olved because he knew what his students’ needs were in learning English. In post design survey, the English teacher of SMP Joannes Bosco and a lecturer of English education study program were involved as the evaluators to evaluate the designed materials. It is because they would give a great contribution to the designed material, since they have a lot of experience.

C. Research instruments

The research instruments were used to guide the pre-design survey study and the post-design survey. In this research, the writer used questionnaire and interview. 28 1. Questionnaire In this research, the writer had two processes of giving questionnaire, those in pre-design survey and post-design survey. The pre-design survey questionnaire was distributed to the ninth grade students of SMP Joannes Bosco. While the post-design survey questionnaire was distributed to the English teacher of SMP Joannes Bosco and the lecturer of English education of Sanata Dharma University. This research used both type of questionnaire, open-ended and closed- ended questionnaire for the pre design survey and open-ended questionnaire for the post design survey. 2. Interview Interview was used in the pre-design survey to interview the English teacher of SMP Joannes Bosco. The interview was used also if the result of the questionnaire of post-design survey was not clear. By interviewing the participants, the writer could ask the question in depth.

D. Data Gathering Technique

There were two types of data gathering technique in this research. The first was gathering data for needs survey. The data was collected by distributing questionnaire to the ninth grade students of SMP Joannes Bosco and interviewing the English teacher of SMP Joannes Bosco. The second was gathering data for the revision and improvement of the designed material by distributing questionnaire to the English teacher SMP Joannes Bosco and the lecturer of English education of Sanata Dharma University.