Review of Related Studies

world and may differ from the actual state of affairs, and its referent to understand the mind as cited in Pillow, 2012, p. 85. Others have argued that the executive function is related to the development of children‟s theory of mind. Executive function includes abilities involved in self-regulation, such as directing attention, resisting distraction, controlling motor responses, inhibiting inappropriate responses, and planning. Carlson and Moses 2001, in Pillow, 2012 suggests: One aspect of executive function, inhibitory control, is particularly important for children‟s understanding of beliefs. They view inhibitory control and understanding of beliefs as related in two ways: a inhibitory control enables the acquisition of the concept of belief, and b inhibitory control facilitates the expression of childr en‟s false belief understanding p. 85. There is a belief-desire understanding of mind and action. According to Davidson 1963, beliefs are defined as a general category of thoughts encompassing knowledge, opinions, guesses, convictions, and hunches, that is, all mental states that attempt to reflect something true about the world. More broadly, thoughts include not only serious beliefs but also fanciful ideas, states of imagination, and dreams —mental states that represent fictional worlds. Desires are also to be understood as a general category including wants, urges, and states of caring about something; that is, a whole range of pro-attitudes toward or about something as cited in Bartsch, 1995, p. 5. The underlying structure of our common sense conception of mind requires consideration of both desires and beliefs. People do things because they desire something and believe some acts will achieve it. According to this sort of analysis, the center of a theory of mind is PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI conceptual triad of constructs actions, beliefs, and desires Bartsch, 1995. Olson, Astington, Harris 1988, in Bartsch, 1995 defines theory of mind: So what is a theory of mind? The events to be explained and predicted are talk and action some would say behavior. The theoretical concepts are those of belief, desire, intention, and feeling. And, third, these concepts may be used to explain and predict the events in the referential domain, namely talk and action. p. 113 Wellman 1993 explains that it is obvious that childrens understanding of beliefs and desires is intimately related to their understanding of other mental phenomena such as emotions and perception As cited in Bartsch, 1995, p. 146- 147. Pinker 1997 states that the mind is organized into modules or mental organs, each with a special design that enables it to be an expert in one area of interaction with the world. The module‟s basic logic is specified by our genetic program. Their operation is shaped by natural selection to solve problems of the hunting and gathering life led by our ancestors in most of our evolutionary history as cited in Bjorklund, 2007, p. 7.

C. Theoretical Framework

The writer uses some theories to answer the two formulated research questions. Those theories are gender schema theory by Bem 1981 and theory of mind by Davidson 1963. To solve the first problem, the writer uses the theory of Gender Schema by Bem 1981, in Vasta, 1998. Bem 1981 states that a schema is a cognitive representation of the general structure of something familiar. The gender-schema model proposes that, early in life, children develop schemas for “boy” and “girl” These schemas result principally from two factors. One is the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI child‟s inborn tendency to organize and classify information from the environment. The other is the culture‟s heavy emphasis on providing gender distinguishing cues such as clothing, names, and occupations, which makes these concepts easily identifiable as cited in Vasta, 1998. This gender schema theory will be implemented to analyze how Dawan experiences the encourages with the people in her environment and the culture in which she lives. The experiences and culture create gender schema such as stereotypes towards girls‟ rights compared to boys. Then, to answer the second research question, the writer uses the belief-desire understanding of mind and action from Davidson 1963, in Bartsch, 1995. He states that the center of a theory of mind is conceptual triad of constructs actions, beliefs, and desires p. 5.