explains that “the distinction between approach and avoidant motivation is based on the idea that feelings are an important determinant of behavior”. It indicates
that one’s feeling can determine what they will do or their behavior. According to Higgins in Franken’s 8 someone who has an approach motivation need to
understand the role of self-focus in helping humans to achieve goals. In summary, approach motivation is someone who is motivated to do
something because of his or her desire, want, or need. They will try hard using any opportunities and will spend more time in order to accomplish their goals.
Besides, they also need to be aware of their self-focus in achieving the goals.
c. Human Motives
David C. McClelland 224 states the Important Motive System, including achievement motive, power motive, affiliative motive and avoidance motive.
However, I only discuss achievement motive, power motive, and affiliative motive since these three motives are appropriate to this research.
Firstly is achievement motivation. David C. McClelland 227 emphasizes,
“Rewarding the achievement motive is doing something better” is the natural incentive for the achievement motive. It now is time to become
more precise, for people can do better for all sorts of reasons – to please the teacher, to avoid criticism, to gain the approval of a loved one, or
simply to get some time off from work. What should be involved in the achievement motive is doing something better for its own sake, for the
intrinsic satisfaction of doing something better.
From the statement above, doing better means to improve and to get the same output or to get greater output for the same work or best of all. Therefore, people
who have high achievement are attracted primarily to the situations where they are possible to make an improvement.
Murray in Karen, Vernoy and Vernoy’s Psychology in Action 399 identified “achievement motivation as the need for success, for doing better than
others, and for mastering challenging tasks”. Murray also states the Illustrative of Needs in David C. McClelland Human Motivation 46; he defines the
Achievement motives as follows. To accomplish something difficult. To master, manipulate, or organize
physical objects, human beings, or ideas. To do this as rapidly and as independently as possible. To overcome obstacles and attain a high
standard. To excel oneself. To rival and surpass others. To increase self- regard by the successful exercise of talent. McClelland 46.
In Beck’s Motivation 317, Murray defines “need for achievement as a desire or tendency ‘to overcome obstacles, to exercise power, to strive to do something
difficult as well and as quickly as possible’. Therefore, it can be emphasized that achievement motive is a motive to master challenging task, to accomplish
something and to do better improvement, to get greater output, to strive to do something rapidly and independently.
Secondly is affiliation motivation, David C. McClelland 346-347 states
“whether or not it is exactly what people seek in interacting with others, certainly depriving individuals of the opportunity for interaction arouses in them what has
been called the need for affiliation or the need to be with people”. As what Beck 354 says that the term affiliations refer to motivation of someone in associating
with others, whether they like the people or not. It indicates that affiliation consists of all kinds of relationship, not only because of liking or loving someone
but also hating or confronting someone. The definition above indicates that affiliation motive has relation with relationships among others. We do need other
people in our live because it is believed that everyone cannot live by his or her
own. According to Illustrative List of Murray’s Need, affiliation is:
To draw near and enjoyable cooperate or reciprocate with an allied other an other who resembles the subject or who likes the subject. To please
and win affection of a cathected object. To adhere and remain loyal to a friend. McClelland 46.
The affiliative motives are concern of being with another. It takes pleasure, get closer, sharing with others and loving. To be with other people we can corporate
each other to accomplish our goals. In summary, affiliative motive means person who has to be friendly to
make a good relationships and he is expected to have good interaction with other people in order to accomplish his goals.
B. Theoretical Framework
