14 writing requirements. The writing rubric should include the grammar,
organization, content or other features of writing that are important to be included and the scores in each aspect should be provided. For each aspect, the teacher
should provide requirements which should be achieved by the students.
c. The Criteria of Writing Proficiency
The criteria of writing proficiency include so many elements of writing that should be noticed
and should be adjusted to the students’ grade. These help the students to be aware of the writing requirements to write an essay. The criteria
of writing proficiency are stated by some experts such as Hyland, Brown and Zimmermar and Rodrigues to asses and determine the
students’ writing proficiency.
Hyland 2003 states three major areas in determining students’ writing
proficiency. First is the content of writing which deals with the stated event, document event, significant and personal comment on event. The content shows
the information presented by the writer and the appropriateness to the reader. Second is the structure of the text. It deals with the orientation, background,
chronological order and reorientation. It demands the writer to be able to organize the ideas in order to present understandable information in content. The third is
the language usage which deals with the language control, diction, the application grammar and writing style. It shows the ability of the writer to construct the
grammatically correct sentences. Another expert, Brown 2004 also states the criteria of writing
proficiency. He states that the criteria of writing proficiency are organization,
15 logical, developmental ideas, grammar, punctuation, spelling and style. In
addition, Zimmermar and Rodrigues 1992 also state some criteria of a good writing that should be appropriate for the purpose, audience, content, style,
effective organization, sentence structure, word choice and information within it. By explaining the criteria of writing proficiency to the students in evaluation and
they are expected to avoid to make mistakes in writing. These criteria help the students to be more aware of a good writing.
d. The Roles of the Teacher and the Student
This study focuses on the influence of consultation in writing class. The researcher provides the roles of the teacher and the
student. It shows the teacher’s role in writing
process and the student’s role in consultation. Hyland 2003 states that teacher’s role is to guide the students through the writing process in order to
help them to develop strategies of generating, drafting and refine the ideas. The teacher has responsibilities to help the students to generate the ideas of content
and structure, to encourage brainstorming, to give responses and to transform information in order to develop the
students’ writing proficiency. Furthermore,
the students’ role has a significant contribution to the writing process because they are the main focuses on the English language teaching. The
activeness of the students in the learning activities will influence the students’
writing proficiency. Hyland 2003 states that the students have a role as active participants who ask questions, clarify meaning, and discuss the essay. Focusing
on the consultation, the role of the student can be seen as an active participant who makes their own writing better. Therefore, the students must be active in the
16 discussion and in responding the feedback in order to improve their writing
proficiency through the consultation.
2. Essay Writing
Since this study finds out the influences of consultation in Academic Essay Writing course, the researcher defines the nature of the academic essay and
the types of essay.
a. The Nature of Essay
Essay is a short literary prose composition, presenting writer ’s thought that
is usually analytic, speculative or interpretative Tiedt, 1989. In addition, the other explanation about essay comes from Indrisano and Squire 2000 who state
that an essay creates the opportunity for the students to develop the reasoned explanations as they discover, analyse, and synthesize the ideas through the
process of writing. Therefore, in the essay writing process, the student needs to analyze or to interpret the data or the information and to express or to respond the
ideas in the written form.
b. Types of Essay
In order to clarify the nature of the essay, this part reviews the types of the essay. There are two types of essay: academic and non-academic.
1 Academic
As stated by Muhyidin 1988, an academic essay is a formal composition which consists of the introductory, the body, and the concluding paragraphs which
develop one central idea. In this study the kinds of academic writing which are
