Principles of Computer Architecture
by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
Organization of a Disk Platter with a
1:2 Interleave Factor
Sector
. .
. Inter-sector gap
Inter-track gap Interleave factor 1:2
Track Track
. .
.
8 1
9
2
10 3
11 4
12 5
13 6
14 7
15
Principles of Computer Architecture
by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
Master
Control
Block
No. trackssurface = 814 No. sectorstrack = 32
No. bytessector = 512 Interleave factor = 1:3
Filename
xyz.p
Surface Track Sector
Starting sector, or sector list
Preamble
Files
Free blocks
Bad blocks 1
10 5
1 12
7 2
23 4
ab.c 1
10 8
3 95
2 2
12
1 1
1 1
1 1
2 5
.. .
.. .
1 1
3 2
5 7
.. .
Creation Date
Last Modified
Owner Protec- tions
111493 111493
16 RWX by
10:30:57 19:30:57
Owner
81893 12194
20 RX - All
16:03:12 14:45:03
W-Owner R = Read
W = Write X = Execute
Principles of Computer Architecture
by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
Magnetic Tape
• A portion of a magnetic tape adapted from [Hamacher, 1990].
File mark
Record Inter-record
gap
Record Record
File Frames
Principles of Computer Architecture
by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
Magnetic Drum
Fixed readwrite heads 1 per track
Tracks Sector
Principles of Computer Architecture
by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
Spiral Format for Compact Disk
Principles of Computer Architecture
by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
ECMA-23 Keyboard Layout
• Keyboard layout for the ECMA-23 Standard 2nd ed.. Shift keys are frequently placed in the B row.
99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 F
E D
C B
A Z
Q W E R T Y U I
O P A S D F G H J K L
Z X C V B N M 7 8 9
4 5 6 1 2 3
00 .
SP
–
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8
9 .
=
¬ ¬
[ {
; +
: ?
, .
] }
\ |
Principles of Computer Architecture
by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
The Dvorak Keyboard Layout
P Y
F G
C R
L
A O
E U
I D
H T
N S
Q J
K X
B M
W V
Z
? }
{
– -
, ,
. .
: ;
Principles of Computer Architecture
by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
Bit Pad with Puck
Puck Cable to host computer
Coil
Buttons
Principles of Computer Architecture
by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
Mouse and Trackball
• A three-button mouse left and a three-button trackball right.
To host
Mousepad improves traction Trackball
Mouse Buttons
To host
Buttons
Principles of Computer Architecture
by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
Lightpen
• A user selects an object with a lightpen.
Principles of Computer Architecture
by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
Touchscreen
• A user selects an object on a touchscreen.
LEDs sources
Detector User breaks
beams
Principles of Computer Architecture
by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
Joystick
• A joystick with a selection button and a rotatable rod:
Principles of Computer Architecture
by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
Laser Printer
• Schematic of a laser printer adapted from [Tanenbaum, 1999].
Paper input
Paper output
The quick brown fox jumps
Heated rollers Toner cartridge
Cleaner and discharger
Stationary laser source
Page composing
circuitry Page description
from host computer
Charged pattern
Rotating mirror
Principles of Computer Architecture
by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
Cathode Ray Tube
• A CRT with a single electron gun:
Horizontal control Vertical control
Intensity control Electron gun
Vertical deflection plate
Vacuum
Grid Horizontal
deflection plate Phosphor
coated screen
Principles of Computer Architecture
by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
Display Controller
• Display con- troller for a
640 ×
480 color monitor
adapted from [Hamacher et
al., 1990].
To horizontal deflection plate control
To vertical deflection plate control 10
9
To electron gun grid control Red
Green Blue
8
LUT loaded from computer Screen
image loaded by
computer Clock
Column counter
mod 640 Row
counter mod 480
Address
Output Input
Output Address
8 Input
RAM frame
buffer RAM
LUT
8 8
One output pulse per 640
columns
Principles of Computer Architecture
by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
Principles of Computer Architecture
Miles Murdocca and Vincent Heuring
Chapter 9: Communication
