The differences between these researches which are analyzed by the other previous writers are this research explains the types of code mixing in Travel
Agency and tries to know the social factors which motivate the Travel Agencys ticketing staff to code-mix her utterances with Indonesian and tourism jargon
which exist in Annisa Travel Agency. Then, this research also discusses the speakers reason towards the jargons play-role in the type of code-mixing. So
these points distinguish this research with others.
B. Theoretical Background of The Study
I. Diglossia
In this world, we find so many of speech communities, some of social functions of language, the differences of social stratification in
every place, and the differences of states and tribal. These are caused there are so many language are used by the speech communities. In every
speech community, we can find two languages or more which they used when they communicate each other. This situation can occur a diglossic
situation. A diglossic situation exists in a society when it has two distinct
codes which show clear functional separation; that is employed in one set of circumstances and the other in an entirely different set.
12
Holmes has definition about diglossia, Diglossia is characteristic of speech communities rather than individuals. Individuals may be
12
Ronald Wardhaugh, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, New York: Basil Blackwell Inc, 1986 . P. 87
bilingual.
13
In Holmess definition, he explains that languages characteristic which occurs among bilingual speech communities.
As quoted by Wardhaugh, Ferguson has defined diglossia as follows: Diglossia is a relatively stable language situation in which, in
addition to the primary dialects of the language which include a standard or regional standards, there is very divergent, highly
codified often grammatically more complex superposed variety, the vehicle of a large and respected body of written literature, either
of an earlier period or in another speech community, which is learned largely by formal education and is used for most written
and formal spoken purposes but is not used by any sector of the community for ordinary conversation.
14
In this definition, Ferguson explains that a speech communities situation where there are two variations from one language which exist
contiguously and each language has particular function when people used it.
So from both definitions, it can be conclude that diglossia means a situation where there are some languages or variety of language exist in a
speech community and each language has different function. In each situation there is a high variety H and a low variety L.
Each variety has its own specialized functions, and each is viewed differently by those who are aware of both.
15
The H varieties are used by people in formal situation, such as for delivering sermons, for giving political speeches and for writing poetry.
In fact, H varieties do not use in high frequent, because this variety is the prestige variety and people do not use it when they talk in daily life.
13
Holmes, Op. Cit. P.30
14
Ronald Wardhaugh. Loc. it.
15
Ibid. P. 87
This variety only used in particular situation which is suitable to use it, because its variety has some characteristics which make this
variety is appropriate for formal situation. As Wardaugh said, Associated with this prestige valuation for the H variety, there is
likely to be strong feeling that the prestige is deserved because the H variety is more beautiful, logical, and expressive that the L
variety.
16
It explains that H variety is more beautiful and expressive than L variety. Contrast with the H variety, the L variety is used by people in
informal situation, it gives someone an impression of low-prestige when used it. It used in conversation with familiars, popular program in radio
and in folk literature, etc. This variety is usually used in daily life also, because people do not need aware about the grammatical of language
when they use L variety in communication. As Wardaugh said, The L variety lacks prestige. In fact, there can be so little prestige
attached to the L variety that people may even deny that know it although they may be observed to use it far more frequently than H
variety.
17
It also explains that L variety is used more frequently than H variety, because this variety is more suitable used in daily conversation.
II. Code-Switching
In speech communities, there are some languages and varieties of language exist and people use it in contiguous situation. This case will
appear some language phenomena, such as someone switches or mixes
16
Ibid. P. 88
17
Ibid. P. 88
herhis language with other language, and it usually called code- switching and code-mixing.
According to Gumperz, code-switching means the juxtaposition within the same speech exchange of passages of speech belonging to two
different grammatical systems or subsystems.
18
It explains that code- switching is the usage of two languages which has differences in
grammatical system in one situation. Holmes also has definition about code-switching; he said that
code-switching occurs when the speaker shifts from one language to another or when the speaker switches from one code to another.
19
It explains code-switching is not only occurs when someone switches the
language but also switches the code dialect, intonation etc.. From both definitions, it can conclude that code-switching occurs
when a bilingual speaker uses more than one language in a single utterance.
Code-switching has two types, situational code-switching and metaphorical code-switching.
According to Wardhaugh,
Situational code-switching occurs when the languages used change according to the situations in which the conversant find
themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is involved. When a change of
18
John Gumperz, Discourse Strategy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982. P. 59
19
Janet Holmes, Op. Cit. Pp.49-50
topic requires a change in the language used we have metaphorical code-switching
20
It explains that situational code-switching occurs when the bilingual speaker speaks in a language in one situation and heshe change the other
language when heshe speaks in different situation. Metaphorical code- switching occurs when the bilingual speaker changes the code or
language when heshe explain about different topic.
III. Code-Mixing
When we talk about code-switching, the other phenomena will arise, that is code-mixing. Code-mixing is one of phenomena which exist
in bilingual speaker. The speaker usually says sentence in a language and he she inserts the other word or phrase from another language in that
sentence, this case is called code-mixing. According to Hudson, code-mixing means where a fluent bilingual
talking to another fluent bilingual changes language without any change at all in the situation.
21
It explains that code-mixing occurs when the bilingual speaker alternates his languageher language in one situation
sentence. Wardhaugh had definition to code-mixing, code-mixing occurs
when conversant use both of languages together to the extent that they
20
Ronald Wardhaugh, Op. Cit. P.103
21
R.A. Hudson. Op. Cit. P.53
change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance.
22
Both of definitions from Hudson and Wardhaugh have same meaning, that code-mixing is the language word, or phrase alternation
in a single utterance by the bilingual speaker. Someone has some purposes when shehe code-mixes two
languages, it seems to be to symbolize a somewhat ambiguous situation for which neither language on its own would be quite right.
23
It also can be a solidarity marker when the speaker code-mixes two languages.
24
Using code-mixing in daily life is not just a haphazard mixing of two languages, it has to be aware with the syntactic categories which
used in classifying linguistic items, but usually some people do not observe it clearly.
IV. Types of Code-Mixing
Muysken defines three types of code-mixing; these are insertion, alternation, and congruent lexicalization.
25
a Insertion
According to Muysken which noted by Isharyanti, insertion occurs when lexical items from one language are incorporate into
another.
26
Insertion also paraphrased by Deuchar, that is one language determines the overall structure into which constituents
22
Ronald Wardhaugh, Loc. Cit.
23
R.A. Hudson. Loc. Cit.
24
Ronald Wardhaugh, Op. Cit. P. 104
25
Ema Nurlela, Op. Cit. P. 5
26
Monica Stella and Neny Isharyanti, Op. Cit. P. 68
from the other language are inserted.
27
From both definitions, they explain that insertion is the unification of lexical item
between languages A into language B. Figure I illustrate a graphic representation of insertion.
For the insertion example, the bilingual speaker which used Indonesian as the first language and English is the second
language, A
: Topik pembicaraannya bored ya, membuat semakin mengantuk. The topic of that conversation is bored,
makes me sleepy.
b Alternation
According to Muysken which noted by Isharyanti, alternation occurs when structures of two languages are alternated
indistinctively both of the grammatical and lexical level.
28
It explains both languages occur alternately, each with their own
structure.
27
Margaret Deuchar, Minority Language Survival: Code-Mixing in Welsh, Vol.608- 620. 2005. International Journal of Bilingualism. Accessed on 23 February 2015
28
Monica Stella and Neny Isharyanti, Op. Cit. P. 69
A B
C
...a... ...b...
...c...
Figure II illustrates a graphic representation of alternation.
For the alternation example, the bilingual speaker which used Indonesian as the first language and English is the second
language, A
: I think itu bisa membahayakan penumpang. I think it can endanger the passenger
c Congruent Lexicalization
According to Muysken which quoted by Bogaerde, congruent lexicalization is a material from different lexical
inventories into a shared grammatical structure.
29
The definition of congruent lexicalization is also paraphrased by Isharyanti, she
said that congruent lexicalization is refers to the situation where two languages share grammatical structures which can be filled
lexically with elements from either language.
30
This type is most often present in mixing between dialects and between languages, which are close to each other in structure.
29
Van den Bogaerde and A.E. Baker.Code-Mixing in Mother-Child Interaction in Deaf Family
”, Vol. 5.No. 7. 2006. Dutch Journal of Applied Linguistics. Accessed on 22 February 2015
30
Monica Stella and Neny Isharyanti, Op. Cit. P. 70 ...a...
...b...
A B
Figure III illustrates a graphic representation of congruent lexicalization.
The example is the bilingual speaker which used Indonesian as the first language and English is the second language,
A : Kita lihat situation, dan juga tergantung condition.
We will see the situation and it also depends on the condition. Using three types of code-mixing it becomes clearer what the
extent of mixing is. Insertion explains about mixing at a more restricted lexical level. Alternation is mixing at a structural level. The last is
congruent lexicalization is an avoidance of structural mixing through the choice of a parallel structure in both languages.
31
V. Social Motivation for Code-Mixing
People must be have a reason when they code-mix their language into other language. According to Hudson, the purpose someone
alternates herhis language is seems to be symbolize a somewhat ambiguous situation for which neither language on its own would be
31
Van den Bogaerde and A.E. Baker, Loc. Cit. ...a...
...b... ...a...
...b...
AB
quite right.
32
Grosjean also postulates the motivation of code mixing and code switching,
Code switching can also be used for many reason, such as quoting what someone has said and thereby emphasizing ones group
identity, specifying the addressee switching to the usual language of a particular person in a group will show that one is addressing
that person, qualifying that has been said, or talking about past events.
33
It explains that code-mixing and code switching has many reasons, it helps someone when heshe quotes some utterances from other, and to
specify who our interlocutor is. Eunhee Kim also has explanation about four kinds of social
motivation of code-mixing, these are: a.
Participant Role and Relationship In bilingualism, participant role and relationship has an
important role, we have to choose the suitable language when talk to other. The bilingual code-mix or not depends on whom they
talk to. Their relationship between the speaker and the interlocutors will affect the speakers code-mix.
34
Such as a Javanese will code-mix their utterances between Javanese and
Indonesian when they talk to their friends, but when Javanese talk to their parent, they talk in one language which appropriate with
their culture that is in Kromo Inggil.
32
R.A. Hudson, Op. Cit. P. 53
33
Eunhee Kim, “Reason and Motivation for Code-Mixing and Code-Switching”, Vol. 4
No. 1. 2006. ELF Journal. P. 46. Accessed on 25 February 2015
34
Ibid
b. Situational Factor
In the Uenhee Kims journal, Bhatia and Ritchie determined that some languages are more appropriate if people use it in the
suitable setting, participant, and topic. It caused each social group has a different language with other.
35
They also said that gender, class, religion, age and the other social variable can influence the
occurrence of code-mixing.
36
Some of social traditional, the role of gender has a clearly constraint such as the usual phenomena that men who work
outside will has a different code-mixing with women who only do domestic activity.
37
Pedraza and Hoffman also postulate that using code-mixing is reputed as adolescent attitude, when people bilingual speakers
are adult; they will keep their own language and use it separately.
38
c. Message-Intrinsic Factors
Message-Intrinsic of
language such as quotation,
reiteration, topic-comment, hedging, interjections, idioms and deep-rooted cultural wisdom are some factors which cause the
occurrence of code-mixing.
39
35
Ibid., P.47
36
Ibid.
37
Ibid., P. 48
38
Ibid.,
39
Ibid.
d. Language Attitudes, Dominance, and Security
Attitude of language can influence the existence of code- mixing in daily life. Frequency of bilingual to code-mix
influenced from how speech community consider the code- mixing positively or negatively.
40
Dominance also influenced the occurrence of code-mixing. As Genesee said, the bilingual children will code-mix between
the first language with the second language, but they will incline use more the first language than the second language. It caused
they do not dominate the linguistic structure of the second language.
41
So many people secure their selves by code-mix their language. To avoid the disunion of peoples relationship, they
usually code-mix their language when they are angry and tired in order to the interlocutors do not understand what they mean.
42
That is when people feel not secure; they tend to mix language more.
43
VI. Jargon
Specificity of language in a particular group has a lot of characters; one of them is closed-ended. It means there is a language code which is
only understood by the same group. Members of this group have a
40
Ibid., P. 49
41
Ibid.
42
Ibid., P. 49
43
Ibid., P. 50
special term used in the context of the other members of their group.
44
According to Fromkin, jargon is special words peculiar to the members of the profession or group.
45
So, jargon means a word or phrases used by members of particular group especially occupational
group which people beyond the group are difficult to understand the meaning.
Jargon is usually found in every life scope, for example, linguistics jargons are phoneme, semantics, and morphology.
46
Meanwhile in restaurant, word greeting means the waiters greet new costumers and
find it out seat, as we know the meaning of greeting is first word used on seeing somebody or writing somebody like Hello
47
. Jargon also has some functions. It is used by someone to
shortening a long explanation, it also used for making the solidarity among the members of the group, social class identify.
As Wijayana said, jargon berfungsi sebagai Indonesian yang mudah dan menjadi identitas kelompok tertentu.
48
Although jargon should not use in generally because of the limited meaning , but it has
44
Naryatmojo and Deby Luriawati, “Bentuk dan Faktor Penyebab Penggunaan Jargon
Masyarakat Nelayan di Rembang ”.Vol. 3. No.4. 2010. UNNES Journal. online available:
http:journal.unnes.ac.idindek.php lingua. Accessed on 22 November 2013
45
George Yule, The Study of Language Third Edition, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006 P. 63
46
Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman and Nina Hyams. An Introduction to Language Seventh Edition. USA: Thomson Place, 2003. p.475
47
Cambridge Advance Learners Dictionary Third Edition Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010 p.184
48
Fitri Anggraini Harahap.Jargon Narapidana di Lembaga Permasyarakatan kelas IIB Lubuk Pakam. Vol. 3.No. 1. 2013. UNIMED Journal. Accessed on August 2013
some functions that give easiness to get communication well for members of the group.
In the other word, jargon can increase the image and prestiges user. In social life, jargons also help someone to create and keep the
relationship between those who regard them as part of the group and who are not.
49
According to Grave and Mokienko, jargon separated into five kinds, such as collocation jargon, criminal jargon, occupational jargon,
obscenities jargon, and adolescence jargon. First is Collocation jargon, it used widely in society. It also used by
people in common and in non-formal situation. Such as collocation jargon in Indonesia is sikon, it means situation and condition. The second
is Criminal jargon, it is used by the carries criminal. Such as in Indonesias criminal jargon, Barang or Thing in English is jargon which
is used by wrongdoer to mention the criminal target. The third is occupational jargon; it is used by employee in particular profession to
make communication with their peer. It is usually used to show what someones occupation. Such as Roda gila or crazy tire is jargon usually
used by mechanic. The forth is obscenities jargon, is jargon which derived from basic words but produce new meaning. The fifth is
adolescence jargon. It used by young people aged 14-25 years. For example, in Indonesia there is jargon kepo. Kepo means someone who
49
George Yule, Op. Cit. P. 71
enthusiastic to know something.
50
There are factors of using jargon in daily communication and everyone has their own motives of using it. Angelina explains that
situational factors like time, language, place, and conversations topic is influencing of using jargon.
51
Naryatmojo also added two motives of using jargon, she explains that a speech community using jargon because people before them used it
for making communication, and they used it to show their group identity.
52
50
Fitri Anggraini Harahap, Loc. Cit.
51
Siska Angelina, Penggunaan Jargon oleh Pemasar Produk Multi Level Marketing Greenlite RDC-009 Padang. Vol. 5.No. 3. 2010. P.1
52
Naryatmojo, Deby Luriawati, Loc. Cit
24
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS
