24
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS
This chapter is intended to discuss about types of code-mixing, the social factors of doing it, and the speakers reasons of using some types of code-mixing
when expressing jargons which used by Annisa Travel Agencys Ticketing Staff when she served the customer in South Jakarta. This research carried out the
analysis by using the theory that the writer wrote down in the review of literature part including Types of code-mixing and social factors of code-mixing. This
chapter also tries to solve the problem formulation and to attain the goal arranged in objectives of the study.
From the conversation which had been recorded, there are nine of utterances which can become the data of this research, but this research only
analyzes the utterances which state from Annisa Tour and Travel Agencys Ticketing Staff, so that there are seven utterances only which can be analyzed.
The data are collected from the conversation of Annisa Travel Agencys Ticketing Staffs utterances when shehe served the customer on 9 March 2015
which had been recorded by the writer. After that, the data are transcribed. Then, the utterances which contain the code-mixing elements are sorted by the writer.
The sorted utterances are classified based on the types of code-mixing by the Pieter Muyskens Theory. After that, the data are analyzed about the social factors
of code-mixing from the sorted utterances by the Eunhee Kims theory and the data are also analyzed about the staffs reason of using some types of code mixing
when shehe expressing Travel Agencys jargons. The last, the result of analysis will be concluded by the writer.
The Analysis of Types of Code-Mixing and Social Factors of The Code- Mixing.
i. Analysis of Data I
Customer : Mbak, saya mau pesen tiket tanggal 15 April. Staff
: Destination-nya kemana, Ibu? Customer : Jakrta-Medan, jam 15.00, ada?
From the conversation above the writer found the formation of code-mixings process of congruent lexicalization, the staff inserted word
destination in her Indonesians utterance. It is called congruent lexicalization because the staff inserted the word destination which the
English lexical class is a noun, and -nya in Indonesian is one of affixation which can modify with noun. So, the writer concludes that the type of
code-mixing in this utterance is congruent lexicalization because from Muyskens theory, this type is refers to the situation where two languages
share grammatical structures which can be filled lexically with elements from either language.
53
The social factors which motivated the staff to code-mix in her utterance from data I is dominance factor. From the cutoff of
conversation above, the staff inserted word destination in her utterance because she habitually use that word destination which already became
53
Monica Stella and Neny Isharyanti, Op. Cit. P. 10
one of Travel Agencys jargons. Because of it, the staff unconsciously used tourism jargon when she served the customer. The staff already
dominated by Travel Agencys jargon when she served the customer. So, that the writer concludes that dominance factor influences her
to code-mix unconsciously because that word or jargon already dominated her language.
54
The staffs reason when she code-mixed in the type of congruent lexicalization because word destination is not only used as jargons, but
also it already habitually used in daily life. So, the staff could place that jargon in congruent place.
ii. Analysis of Data II
Staff : One-way atau return?
Customer : Return saja mbak. From the conversation above the writer found the formation of
code-mixings process of insertion, the staff inserted phrase One-way and word return in her Indonesians utterance. It called Insertion
because the English lexical class of phrase One-way and word return is not agree with the lexical class in Indonesian. Sentence with following
with conjunction or is included in parallel sentence. Parallel sentence is the sentence which forms from the same lexical class, whereas the lexical
class of One-way and return are different. So that, this cutoff of conversation is included in Insertion, because insertion occurs when
54
Eunhee Kim, Loc. Cit
lexical items from one language are incorporate into another.
55
The social factor which motivated the staff to code-mix their utterance with English is situational factor. Because of the staff knew the
customer understood the Travel Agencys jargons, she inserted the Travel Agencys jargons continuously in their conversation. It also supported
from the customers response, she said return saja mbak., that utterance signed that the customer knows well about the meaning of Travel
Agencys jargon, so the conversations message can be deliver well. So that, from that analysis the writer concludes that the social
factor which motivated the staff to code-mix is the situational factors, because the staff knew her interlocutor mastered the Travel Agencys
jargons also. In the Uenhee Kims journal, Bhatia and Ritchie determined that some languages are more appropriate if people use it in the suitable
setting, participant, and topic.
56
The staffs reason of using Insertion type when shehe expressing Travel Agencys jargons in this cutoff conversation because she already
habitually used two of jargons between one-way and return successively, it is caused one-way and return are jargons which have
relation in Travel Agencys world. So that the staff using it without knowing which the correct grammatical.
iii. Analysis of Data III
Staff : Boleh tahu nomer passanger-nya bu?
55
Monica Stella and Neny Isharyanti, Loc. Cit
56
Eunhee Kim, Loc. Cit
Customer : Indah Permata
From the conversation above the writer found the formation of code-mixings process of congruent lexicalization, the staff inserted word
passenger in her Indonesians utterance. It called congruent lexicalization because the staff combined word passenger which used
as Travel Agencys jargon from English modifies Indonesian affixation - nya. Indonesian affixation -nya can modify with noun. Whereas the
lexical class of passenger is noun. So the writer concludes that this statement includes Congruent
Lexicalization, because word passenger and affixation -nya are two languages which can share grammatical structures which can be filled
lexically with elements from either language.
57
The social factor which motivated the staff to code-mix in this cutoff of conversation is the Participant Factor. From the conversation,
the staff code-mixed from Indonesian to English because she was convinced that the customer has mastered of some of Travel Agencys
jargons. It showed when the customer looked enjoy and did not ask some questions when the staff inserted the tourism jargons such as destination,
one-way, return, and passenger. It is a sign that customer understood the meaning of Travel Agencys jargons well. These all made the staff more
confident and enjoy to inserted Travel Agencys jargon which formed by English anymore.
57
Monica Stella and Neny Isharyanti, Loc. Cit
So, the writer concludes that social factor which motivated the ticketing staff to code-mix is affected from who the interlocutor is.
58
The staffs reason used congruent lexicalization as her type of code-mixing in this cutoff conversation because she already habitually
used it in doing job, so that it happened unconsciously.
iv. Analysis of Data IV
Staff : Baik tunggu sebentar, reservation-nya akan segera saya
buat. From the staff statement that above the writer found the formation
of code-mixings process of congruent lexicalization, the staff inserted word reservation her Indonesians utterance. It called congruent
lexicalization because the staff combined the word reservation which used as Travel Agencys jargon from English with Indonesian affixation -
nya. Indonesian affixation -nya can be attached to a noun. Meanwhile the lexical class of reservation is noun.
So the writer concludes that this statement included congruent lexicalization, because word reservation and affixation -nya are two
languages which can share grammatical structures which can be filled lexically with elements from either language.
59
The social factor which motivated the staff to code-mix their utterance with English is participant role factor. The reason is same with
the analysis of data II, the staff used English jargon like reservation
58
Eunhee Kim, Loc. Cit
59
Monica Stella and Neny Isharyanti, Loc. Cit
because she knew the customer understood the Travel Agencys jargons, so that she inserted the Travel Agencys jargons continuously in their
conversation. On the other hand, she already habitually used Travel Agencys
jargons which are formed from English. So that she prefer to use English than Indonesian to mention reservation when the customer fixed to
order the ticket. This is included in dominance factor.
60
So that, from that analysis the writer concludes that the social factor which motivated the staff to code-mix in data IV is the Situational
Factors and dominance factor, because the staff knew her interlocutor mastered the Travel Agencys jargons. It also showed from the staff
habitually to use Travel Agencys jargon which is formed from English. In the Uenhee Kims journal, Bhatia and Ritchie determined that some
languages are more appropriate if people use it in the suitable setting, participant, and topic.
61
The staffs reason used congruent lexicalization as her type of code-mixing in this cutoff conversation because she already habitually
used it in doing job, so that it happened unconsciously.
v. Analysis of Data V
Staff : Oke Ibu, reservation-nya sudah saya buat an Indah
Permata, DSI90 Y class, 15 April 2015, dengan rute Jakarta-Medan, pukul 15.05, tiba pukul 17.30. Lalu
GA195 Y class, 18 April 2015, dengan rute Medan- Jakarta, jam 20.35, tiba pukul 23.00. Untuk harganya,
60
Eunhee Kim, Loc. Cit
61
Ibid.
Mohon ditunggu
sebentar, Ibu.
Total Rp.
4.519.000.00. Customer : Oke makasih ya mbak.
From the staff statement above the writer found the formation of code-mixings process of congruent lexicalization, the staff inserted word
reservation her
Indonesians utterance.
It called
congruent lexicalization because the staff combined word reservation which used
as Travel Agencys jargon from English with Indonesian affixation -nya. Indonesian affixation -nya can modify with noun. Whereas the lexical
class of reservation is noun. Phrase Y class in that conversation is include in congruent
lexical too, because she inserted that phrase in suitable place as a lexical class in English and it did not break the Indonesian grammatical because
it only a quotation from the airplane. So the writer concludes that code-mixing are included congruent
lexicalization Type, two languages which can share grammatical structures which can be filled lexically with elements from either
language is called congruent lexicalization.
62
There are two social factors which motivated the staff to code-mix between Indonesian with English used as Travel Agencys Jargon. The
first is participant role, the second is message-intrinsic factor. When the staff code-mixed in word reservation-nya is one of
proof that she knew who the interlocutor. She was conscious that the
62
Monica Stella and Neny Isharyanti, Loc. Cit
interlocutor known well about Travel Agencys jargons, so that she used it continuously when they talked each other.
The second is message-intrinsic Factor. The staff insert phrase such as Y class because that phrase is quotation from the airplane enterprise,
she only mentioned the airplane specification which has already printed. As Eunhee Kim said that quotation can cause the occurrence of code-
mixing.
63
So, from the analysis above the writer concludes that the social factors of data V are participant role factor and message-intrinsic factor.
The staffs reason used congruent lexicalization as her type of code-mixing in this cutoff conversation because she already habitually
used it in doing job, so that it happened unconsciously. Besides it, she also quoted a phrase like Y class as mentioned in the information of
airlines.
vi. Analysis of Data VI
Staff : Untuk reservation ticket-nya saya issued atau tidak, Ibu?
Customer : Boleh issued saja. From the staffs utterance above the writer found the formation of
code-mixings process of insertion, the staff inserted phrase reservation ticket in her Indonesians utterance. It called Insertion because the staff
inserted phrase reservation ticket ungrammatically. She formed that phrase same as Indonesian phrase. The true arrangement of phrase in
63
Eunhee Kim, Loc. Cit
English is ticket reservation. The staff also inserted word issued in her utterances. It also
includes as Insertion, because it should be in verb I, but the staff said it in verb II.
So, from the explanation above the writer concludes that the data VI belonging to code-mixing type insertion, because insertion occurs
when lexical items from one language are incorporate into another.
64
The social factor which motivated the staff to code-mix their utterance with English is participant role factor. Because of the staff
knew the customer understood the Travel Agencys jargons, she inserted the Travel Agencys jargons continuously in their conversation. It also
supported from the customers response, she said Boleh, issued saja that utterance signed that the customer knew well about the meaning of
Travel Agencys jargon, so the conversations message can be deliver well.
So that, from that analysis of data VI, the writer concludes that the social factor which motivated the staff to code-mix is the participant role
factors, because the staff convinced her interlocutor mastered the Travel Agencys jargons. In the Uenhee Kims journal, Bhatia and Ritchie
determined that some languages are more appropriate if people use it in the suitable setting, participant, and topic.
65
The staffs reason used Insertion as her type of code-mixing in this
64
Monica Stella and Neny Isharyanti, Loc. Cit
65
Eunhee Kim, Loc. Cit
cutoffs conversation because she arranged that phrase same as Indonesian grammatical, it is caused she already habitually to use
Indonesian when she communicates with other. So that she code-mixed ungrammatically and identified as insertion.
vii. Analysis of Data VII
Staff : Baik, tunggu sebentar ya, Bu. Ini tiketnya ya bu, jangan
sampai telat datang ke Airport. Customer : Oke, makasih banyak ya mbak.
From the staff statement that above the writer found the formation of code-mixings process of congruent lexicalization, the staff inserted
word airport her Indonesians utterance. It called congruent lexicalization because word airport is a noun in English lexical class. Whereas,
Indonesian conjunction ke- is always followed by noun. So that, the writer concludes that data VII is called Congruent
Lexicalization because it refers to the situation where two languages share grammatical structures which can be filled lexically with elements
from either language.
66
The social factor which motivated the staff to code-mix this cutoff of conversation with English is participant role factors. Because of the
staff knew that her interlocutor mastered English, so the staff prefers to use English than Indonesian She mentioned Airport, not Bandara.
According to Eunhee Kim participant role and relationship has an important role in code mixing, someone has to choose the suitable
66
Monica Stella and Neny Isharyanti, Loc. Cit
language when talk to other. The bilingual code-mix or not depends on whom they talk to, and the writer concludes that the staff motivated to
code-mix because she know well with whom she talked to.
67
The staffs reason she code-mixed in the type of congruent lexicalization because word airport is not only used as jargons, but also
it already habitually used in daily life and she knew the meaning well. So, the staff could place that jargon in congruent place.
67
Eunhee Kim, Loc. Cit
36
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
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