The Social Factors Of Code-Mixing In Annisa Tour And Travel Agency's Ticketing Staff's Utterances

(1)

THE SOCIAL FACTORS OF CODE-MIXING IN ANNISA TOUR AND TRAVEL AGENCY'S TICKETING STAFF'S UTTERANCES

A Thesis

Submitted to The Letter and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirement for the Degree of Strata One (SI)

AIDA SORAYA NIM: 1110026000081

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIESFACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA

(2)

Department. Letters and Humanities Faculty. State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah. Jakarta. 2015.

This research discusses about social factors of code-mixing. The purposes are to analyze the types of code-mixing of Travel Agency's jargons which used in ticketing staff in Annisa Tour and Travel, South Jakarta. It classifies the code-mixing's utterances into three types, Insertion, Alternation, and Congruent Lexicalization. It also analyzes social factor which motivated the staff to code-mix her utterances by two languages, Indonesian and English (which used as Travel Agency's Jargons).

This research used qualitative method in analyzing the types and social factors of code mixing. The procedures of this research are: the data (the staff's utterances which arranged by two languages [Indonesian and English]) are classified into three types of code mixing based on Muysken's Theory. Then, the data are analyzed about the social factor which motivated the staff to code-mix their utterances based on Eunhee Kim's Theory.

The result of this research, there are five sentences include in congruent lexicalization type, and two sentences include in insertion type. There are four sentences which included in participant role factor, two utterances which included in situational factor, one utterance which included in message-intrinsic factor, and two sentences identified as dominance factor.

The reason's result of using congruent lexicalization when expressing the jargons are; the jargons already habitually used in daily life, the staff knew the meaning well, the jargons quoted from the information of airlines.

The reason's result of using insertion when expressing the jargons are; The staff arranged that phrase same as Indonesian grammatical, there are two of jargons used successively and they have relation but they do not arrange parallel.

(3)

APPROVEMENT

THE SOCIAL FACTORS OF CODE-MIXING IN ANNISA TOUR AND TRAVEL AGENCY'S TICKETING STAFF'S UTTERANCES

A Thesis

Submitted to The Letter and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirement for the Degree of Strata One (SI)

AIDA SORAYA NIM: 1110026000081

APPROVED BY

Advisor I, Advisor II,

Dr. H. M. Farkhan, M.Pd. Sholikhatus Sa'diyah, M.Pd.

NIP: 19650919 200003 1 002 NIP: 1975041720050 1 2007

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA

(4)

iii

LEGALIZATION

Name : Aida Soraya NIM : 1110026000081

Title : The Social Factors of Code-Mixing in Annisa Tour and Travel Agency's Ticketing Staff's Utterances

The thesis entitled above has been defended before the Letters and Humanities Faculty's Examination Committee on February 16th, 2015. It has already been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of strata one.

Jakarta, February 16th, 2015 Examination Committee

Signature Date

1. Drs.Saefudin, M.Pd (Chair Person) ... ...

NIP. 19640710 199303 1 006

2. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum (Secretary) ... ... NIP. 19781003 200112 2 002

3. Dr. H. M. Farkhan, M.Pd (Advisor I) ... ... NIP: 19650919 200003 1 002

4. Sholikhatus Sa'diyah, M.Pd (Advisor II) ... ... NIP: 19750417 20050 1 2007

5. Hilmi, M. Hum (Examiner I) ... ... NIP. 19760918 20080 1 1009

(5)

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work, and that to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extend that has been accepted for the any other degree or diploma of the university or the institute of the higher learning, except, where due knowledge has been made in the text.

Jakarta, 1 April 2015

(6)

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

In the name of Allah, the most gracious, praise, and gratitude to Allah who has been giving me his mercy and blessing until I can finish this research without any obstacles. Shalawat and Salam are with our prophet Muhammad SAW who has guided me from the darkness to the lightness.

This research is presented to the English Letters Department of Adab and Humanities Faculty Syarif Hidayatullah, State Islamic University Jakarta as a partial of requirement for the degree of strata 1. This work never be completed without a great deal of help from many people, especially Mr. Dr. M. Farkhan, M. Pd. and Mrs. Sholikatus Sa'diyah, M. Pd. as my research advisors, who guided me during the process of this research arranging. Without their advices, support, encouragement and patience this research is never be completed.

I also would like to express the deepest gratitude to those who helped me to finish this research, namely:

1. Dr. Syukron Kamil, MA. As a Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty. 2. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M. Pd. The Head of English Letters Department and

Mrs. Elve Oktafiyani, M. Hum. The Secretary of English Letters Department.

3. Mr. Hilmi, M. Hum and Mrs. Rima Muryantina, S. Hum, M. Ling. As the examiners.

4. All the lecturers in English Letters Department for teaching the writer a lot of things and educated me during the study.

(7)

5. Mr. H. Amat Kosim and Mrs. Hj. Sutinah, my lovely parent. The deepest gratitude for them, who always has guided and loved me in every situation and condition. For supporting me to be a good and strong woman. May Allah always protects and blesses both of these writer's angles a healthy and blessing life.

6. My family, Syarifudin, Asmawih, Annisa, Yuningsih, Tri Heru Pamungkas, Abdul Husein, Faisal Rijal, and Indra Juliansah, who had given me big support to finish this research.

7. My best friend Adea Fitriana, who accompanied and helped me during the study to become an intelligent girl. Siti Aisyah, Fadilah Mahmudah, Dian Agustina, who always gave a big support and a madness moment which the other friends never gave. Derry Pratama, who helped me tireless, and encouraged me each time. Thank you so much.

8. Nurdiana and Adijaya, who helped me to be participants of this research. Without their help this research is never be completed.

9. The last, this research is dedicated for my lovely friend who leaved the writer to meet the God, the deceased Selvia Sri Adiyanti. May Allah enlighten her last place.

(8)

vii

ABSTRACK... ... i

APPROVEMENT . ... ii

LEGALIZATION ... iii

DECLARATION .. ... iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ... ... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... ... 1

A. Background of The Research... 1

B. Focus of The Research ... 4

C. Research Question ... ... 4

D. Significance of The Research.... ... 4

E. Research Methodology... 5

1. Objective of The Research ... 5

2. Method of the Research... ... 5

3. Technique of The Research ... 6

4. Instrument of The Research ... 7

5. The Unit of Analysis ... 7

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ... 8

A. Previous Research.. ... 8

B. Theoretical Background... ... 9

1. Diglossia ... 9

(9)

viii

3. Code-Mixing ... 13

4. Types of Code-Mixing ... 14

5. Social Motivation of Code-Mixing ... 17

6. Jargon ... 21

CHAPTER III DATA ANALYSIS ... 24

A. The Analysis of Types of Code-Mixing and Social Factors Motivating The Code-Mixing. ... 25

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION ... 36

A. Conclusion ... 36

B. Suggestion ... 38

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 39

(10)

1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of The Research

In daily life, people use language to communicate with other, to built and keep the social relationship. Now days, almost in every place have two or more languages that people used to communication with other in daily life. People use it in different places based on the situation. When people choose the appropriate language in congruent situation, it is called diglossic situation. According to Holmes diglossia is characteristic of speech communities rather than individuals. Individuals may be bilingual.1

Because of so many languages appear in social communities, it causes people mix or switch from one language to another. These phenomena called code-mixing and code-switching.

Holmes establishes definition about code-switching, he said that Code-switching occurs when the speaker shifts from one language to another or when the speaker switches from one code to another.2 It explains code-switching is not only occurs when someone switches the language but also switches the code (dialect, intonation etc.).

Then, the phenomena of code-mixing are also often happen in our social life. According to Hudson, code-mixing means where a fluent bilingual talking to another fluent bilingual changes language without any change at all in the

Janet Holmes, An Introduction of Sociolinguistics (New York: Longman Publishing, 1992), p.30

(11)

situation.3 It explains that code-mixing occurs when the bilingual speaker alternates his language/her language in one situation (sentence).

Code-mixing has three types which are established by Muysken, the first is insertion. This type occurs when lexical items from one language are incorporate into another4. For the example, the Indonesian speaker mixes her utterances with English, (1) "Aku sih yes, kamu lolos ke show selanjutnya".

Another type is alternation. This type occurs when structures of two languages are alternated indistinctively both of the grammatical and lexical level.5 For the example, the Indonesian speaker mixes her utterances with English,

(2) "You have to belajaryanggiat."

The last type is congruent lexicalization. Congruent lexicalization is refers to the situation where two languages share grammatical structures which can be filled lexically with elements from either language.6 For the example is when Indonesian speaker mixes her utterances with English,

(3) "Saya suka performance kamu malam ini."

Code-mixing also has some functions, it can become someone's sign to show what the second language which has mastered. Such as someone who often inserts the Arabic terminology when she/he talks to other, it can be describe that someone wants to show that she know Islam further.

R.A. Hudson. Sociolinguistics Second Edition.(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 53

Monica Stella and Neny Isharyanti, "Code-Switching and Code-Mixing in Internet Chatting:Between 'yes', 'ya', and 'si' a Case of Study", Vol.5.No.3: (2009). JALTCall Joural. Accessed on 20 February 2015

5_Ibid

(12)

It is not only being the sign of someone's identity, but also can be the measure of someone's language attitude towards the other language. Attitude in language gives the people a good or bad choice to decide whether the best language which the people have to choose.

There are some social factors, which motivated someone to code-mix or code switch their utterances into two languages. Eunhee Kim has established four social factor of code-mixing. The first, code mixing can occur when people know well who the interlocutor, it usually called participant role and relationship factor. The second, situation and condition of people also can occur code-mixing in daily life, and it called situational factor. The third, quotation, hedging, idioms also can appear people to code-mix their utterances. It is called message-intrinsic factor. The last, language attitude, security, and dominance also can be the social factor of people to code-mix.

From the explanation above, this research is aimed to discuss the types of code-mixing, the social factors that motivate someone to code-mixing and someone's reasons of using some types of code-mixing when she/he expressing jargons (which form by English words or phrases). The data is taken from Tour and Travel Agency's ticketing staff utterances, because as we know, that company is one of communities which use some of English words or phrases to be their occupational jargon. These jargons are usually inserted by the ticketing staffs in their utterances when they serve the customers.

(13)

B. Focus of The Research

This research will analyze code mixing on the conversation when one of Annisa Travel Agency's Ticketing Staffs served the customer on 9 March 2015 at South Jakarta. This analysis research is only limited in code-mixing between Indonesian and English (which included as tourism-specific Travel Agency's jargons) which occurred in Annisa Travel Agency's ticketing staff's utterances.

C. Research Question

Based on the background of the study above, the problem will be explained in the research questions as follows:

1. What are the types of code mixing that occur when Annisa Agency's Ticketing Staff use tourism-specific jargons in their speech?

2. What are the social factors motivating the code-mixing by Annisa Agency's Ticketing Staff?

D. Significance of The Research

This research is expected to be useful in the development of science in the field of Sociolinguistics, especially in the types and the social factors of code-mixing. It also expected to be useful to add the insights in the linguistics, especially for students of State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta, majoring in English Letters Department.

The result of this research also can be useful to formulate the suitable strategy in upgrading the code-mixing. This research also expected to be useful for providing sufficient linguistics knowledge, particularly in proper use of code-mixing in interactions and daily conversations.

(14)

E. Research Methodology

1. Objective of The Research

This research is aimed to identify the types of code-mixing where jargons occur in Annisa Travel Agency's Ticketing Staff's utterances. This research also aimed to identify the social factors which motivate the occurrence of code-mixing in Annisa Travel Agency's Ticketing Staff utterances when she/he served the customer and to identify Annisa Travel Agency's Ticketing Staff's reasons of using some of code-mixing's types when expressing the Tourism-Travel Agency's jargons in her/his utterances.

2. Method of The Research

The method of this research is qualitative. It tries to describe the types of code-mixing from Annisa Travel Agency's staff utterances, the social factors that motivate the code-mixing by Annisa Agency's Ticketing Staff, and to identify Annisa Travel Agency's Ticketing Staff's reasons of using some of code-mixing's types when expressing the Travel Agency's jargons (which form by English) in her/his utterances.

According to Subroto, qualitative research is a research method which explains about a problem without statistically procedure.7 Then, Bodgan and Bikle (1982) stated that qualitative research is a research

Edi Subroto, Pengantar Metoda Penelitian Linguistik Struktural, (Surakarta: Sebelas Maret University Press, 1992). p. 5

(15)

which includes some of research's strategies which have some of particular characteristics.8

3. Collecting Data and Data Analysis

The writer records the conversation of Annisa Travel Agency's Ticketing Staff's utterances when she/he served the customer on 9 March 2015. After that, the writer listens the result of the recording and transcribes it. When transcribing the data is processed, the writer italicizes the utterances which said in Indonesian. The writer also italicizes the code-mixing elements which occur in those utterances. Then, the writer sorts the utterances which contain the code-mixing elements. The sorted utterances will classify based on the types of code-mixing by the Pieter Muysken's Theory and the writer will analyze it. After that, the writer will analyze the social motivation of code-mixing from the sorted utterances by the Eunhee Kim's theory and the writer will analyzes the staff's reason of using some types of code mixing when she/he expressing Travel Agency's jargons. The last the writer makes conclusion from the data which had analyzed.

4. Instrument of The Research

This research used a recorder as the instrument of this research. That instrument is used by the writer to record the conversation when Annisa Travel Agency's Ticketing Staff served the customer directly (walk in) on 9 March 2015. It also used to record one of Annisa Travel Agency's

(16)

Ticketing Staff's interviews about the staff's reasons of using some types of code mixing when she/he expresses Travel Agency's jargons.

5. The Unit of The Research

The source of this research is the utterances from Annisa Travel Agency's Ticketing Staff when served the customer directly (walk in) on 9 March 2015, which the utterances contained the tourism-specific jargon of Travel Agency.

(17)

8 CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Previous Research

The phenomena of code-mixing and code-switching were analyzed by some people; two of them are Kachru (1978) and Goke-Pariola (1983). Kachru analyzed the code-mixing with the title, "Code-Mixing as a Communicative Strategy in India". Goke-Pariola analyzed the code-mixing with the title, "Code-Mixing among Yoruba-English Bilinguals.9

Annisa Ramadhani (2011) is also had analyzed about code-mixing. The title of her research is, "Campur Kode Indonesian Indonesia-Indonesian Inggris dalam Acara "Welcome to BCA" di Metro TV". She analyzed the types and the language elements of code-mixing which occurred in the conversation between the presenter and the guess stars.10

The other research written is by Ema Nurlaela (2012) with the title, "Campur Kode pada Percakapan Customer Service Agent Telkomsel". In her research, she discusses the types of code mixing and identifies the social factor of code-mixing on the conversation between Customer Service of Telkomsel with the customer.11

Anisa Ramadhani,"Campur Kode Indonesian Indonesia-Indonesian Inggris dalam Acara "Welcome to BCA" di Metro TV". Unpublished thesis. (Depok: Universitas Indonesia, 2011). Accessed on 22 February 2015

Ibid. 11

Ema Nurlaela, "Campur Kode pada Percakapan Customer Service Agent Telkomsel".

(18)

The differences between these researches which are analyzed by the other previous writers are this research explains the types of code mixing in Travel Agency and tries to know the social factors which motivate the Travel Agency's ticketing staff to code-mix her utterances with Indonesian and tourism jargon which exist in Annisa Travel Agency. Then, this research also discusses the speaker's reason towards the jargons play-role in the type of code-mixing. So these points distinguish this research with others.

B. Theoretical Background of The Study I. Diglossia

In this world, we find so many of speech communities, some of social functions of language, the differences of social stratification in every place, and the differences of states and tribal. These are caused there are so many language are used by the speech communities. In every speech community, we can find two languages or more which they used when they communicate each other. This situation can occur a diglossic situation.

A diglossic situation exists in a society when it has two distinct codes which show clear functional separation; that is employed in one set of circumstances and the other in an entirely different set.12

Holmes has definition about diglossia, Diglossia is characteristic of speech communities rather than individuals. Individuals may be

Ronald Wardhaugh, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, (New York: Basil Blackwell Inc, 1986 ). P. 87

(19)

bilingual. 13 In Holmes's definition, he explains that language's characteristic which occurs among bilingual speech communities. As quoted by Wardhaugh, Ferguson has defined diglossia as follows:

"Diglossia is a relatively stable language situation in which, in addition to the primary dialects of the language (which include a standard or regional standards), there is very divergent, highly codified (often grammatically more complex) superposed variety, the vehicle of a large and respected body of written literature, either of an earlier period or in another speech community, which is learned largely by formal education and is used for most written and formal spoken purposes but is not used by any sector of the community for ordinary conversation."14

In this definition, Ferguson explains that a speech communities' situation where there are two variations from one language which exist contiguously and each language has particular function when people used it.

So from both definitions, it can be conclude that diglossia means a situation where there are some languages or variety of language exist in a speech community and each language has different function.

In each situation there is a high variety (H) and a low variety (L). Each variety has its own specialized functions, and each is viewed differently by those who are aware of both.15

The H varieties are used by people in formal situation, such as for delivering sermons, for giving political speeches and for writing poetry. In fact, H varieties do not use in high frequent, because this variety is the prestige variety and people do not use it when they talk in daily life.

Holmes, Op. Cit. P.30 14

Ronald Wardhaugh. Loc. it.

15_Ibid.

(20)

This variety only used in particular situation which is suitable to use it, because its variety has some characteristics which make this variety is appropriate for formal situation. As Wardaugh said,

"Associated with this prestige valuation for the H variety, there is likely to be strong feeling that the prestige is deserved because the H variety is more beautiful, logical, and expressive that the L variety."16

It explains that H variety is more beautiful and expressive than L variety. Contrast with the H variety, the L variety is used by people in informal situation, it gives someone an impression of low-prestige when used it. It used in conversation with familiars, popular program in radio and in 'folk literature', etc. This variety is usually used in daily life also, because people do not need aware about the grammatical of language when they use L variety in communication. As Wardaugh said,

"The L variety lacks prestige. In fact, there can be so little prestige attached to the L variety that people may even deny that know it although they may be observed to use it far more frequently than H variety". 17

It also explains that L variety is used more frequently than H variety, because this variety is more suitable used in daily conversation.

II. Code-Switching

In speech communities, there are some languages and varieties of language exist and people use it in contiguous situation. This case will appear some language phenomena, such as someone switches or mixes

16_Ibid

. P. 88

17_Ibid.

(21)

her/his language with other language, and it usually called code-switching and code-mixing.

According to Gumperz, code-switching means the juxtaposition within the same speech exchange of passages of speech belonging to two different grammatical systems or subsystems.18 It explains that code-switching is the usage of two languages which has differences in grammatical system in one situation.

Holmes also has definition about code-switching; he said that code-switching occurs when the speaker shifts from one language to another or when the speaker switches from one code to another.19 It explains code-switching is not only occurs when someone switches the language but also switches the code (dialect, intonation etc.).

From both definitions, it can conclude that code-switching occurs when a bilingual speaker uses more than one language in a single utterance.

Code-switching has two types, situational code-switching and metaphorical code-switching.

According to Wardhaugh,

"Situational code-switching occurs when the languages used change according to the situations in which the conversant find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is involved. When a change of

John Gumperz, Discourse Strategy. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982). P. 59

(22)

topic requires a change in the language used we have metaphorical code-switching"20

It explains that situational code-switching occurs when the bilingual speaker speaks in a language in one situation and he/she change the other language when he/she speaks in different situation. Metaphorical code-switching occurs when the bilingual speaker changes the code or language when he/she explain about different topic.

III. Code-Mixing

When we talk about code-switching, the other phenomena will arise, that is code-mixing. Code-mixing is one of phenomena which exist in bilingual speaker. The speaker usually says sentence in a language and he/ she inserts the other word or phrase from another language in that sentence, this case is called code-mixing.

According to Hudson, code-mixing means where a fluent bilingual talking to another fluent bilingual changes language without any change at all in the situation.21 It explains that code-mixing occurs when the bilingual speaker alternates his language/her language in one situation (sentence).

Wardhaugh had definition to code-mixing, code-mixing occurs when conversant use both of languages together to the extent that they

Ronald Wardhaugh, Op. Cit. P.103 21

(23)

change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance.22

Both of definitions from Hudson and Wardhaugh have same meaning, that code-mixing is the language (word, or phrase) alternation in a single utterance by the bilingual speaker.

Someone has some purposes when she/he code-mixes two languages, it seems to be to symbolize a somewhat ambiguous situation for which neither language on its own would be quite right.23 It also can be a solidarity marker when the speaker code-mixes two languages.24

Using code-mixing in daily life is not just a haphazard mixing of two languages, it has to be aware with the syntactic categories which used in classifying linguistic items, but usually some people do not observe it clearly.

IV. Types of Code-Mixing

Muysken defines three types of code-mixing; these are insertion, alternation, and congruent lexicalization.25

a) Insertion

According to Muysken which noted by Isharyanti, insertion occurs when lexical items from one language are incorporate into another.26 Insertion also paraphrased by Deuchar, that is one language determines the overall structure into which constituents

Ronald Wardhaugh, Loc. Cit. 23

R.A. Hudson. Loc. Cit.

Ronald Wardhaugh, Op. Cit. P. 104

Ema Nurlela, Op. Cit. P. 5

(24)

from the other language are inserted.27 From both definitions, they explain that insertion is the unification of lexical item between languages A into language B.

Figure I illustrate a graphic representation of insertion.

For the insertion example, the bilingual speaker which used Indonesian as the first language and English is the second language,

A : Topik pembicaraannya bored ya, membuat semakin mengantuk. (The topic of that conversation is bored, makes me sleepy.)

b) Alternation

According to Muysken which noted by Isharyanti, alternation occurs when structures of two languages are alternated indistinctively both of the grammatical and lexical level.28 It explains both languages occur alternately, each with their own structure.

Margaret Deuchar, "Minority Language Survival: Code-Mixing in Welsh", Vol.608-620. (2005). International Journal of Bilingualism. Accessed on 23 February 2015

Monica Stella and Neny Isharyanti, Op. Cit. P. 69

A B C

(25)

Figure II illustrates a graphic representation of alternation.

For the alternation example, the bilingual speaker which used Indonesian as the first language and English is the second language,

A : I think itu bisa membahayakan penumpang. (I think it can endanger the passenger)

c) Congruent Lexicalization

According to Muysken which quoted by Bogaerde, congruent lexicalization is a material from different lexical inventories into a shared grammatical structure.29 The definition of congruent lexicalization is also paraphrased by Isharyanti, she said that congruent lexicalization is refers to the situation where two languages share grammatical structures which can be filled lexically with elements from either language.30

This type is most often present in mixing between dialects and between languages, which are close to each other in structure.

Van den Bogaerde and A.E. Baker.Code-Mixing in Mother-Child Interaction in Deaf Family”, Vol. 5.No. 7. (2006). Dutch Journal of Applied Linguistics. Accessed on 22 February 2015

Monica Stella and Neny Isharyanti, Op. Cit. P. 70 ...a... ...b...

(26)

Figure III illustrates a graphic representation of congruent lexicalization.

The example is the bilingual speaker which used Indonesian as the first language and English is the second language,

A : Kita lihat situation, dan juga tergantung condition. (We will see the situation and it also depends on the condition). Using three types of code-mixing it becomes clearer what the extent of mixing is. Insertion explains about mixing at a more restricted lexical level. Alternation is mixing at a structural level. The last is congruent lexicalization is an avoidance of structural mixing through the choice of a parallel structure in both languages.31

V. Social Motivation for Code-Mixing

People must be have a reason when they code-mix their language into other language. According to Hudson, the purpose someone alternates her/his language is seems to be symbolize a somewhat ambiguous situation for which neither language on its own would be

Van den Bogaerde and A.E. Baker, Loc. Cit.

...a... ...b... ...a... ...b...

(27)

quite right.32 Grosjean also postulates the motivation of code mixing and code switching,

"Code switching can also be used for many reason, such as quoting what someone has said (and thereby emphasizing one's group identity), specifying the addressee (switching to the usual language of a particular person in a group will show that one is addressing that person), qualifying that has been said, or talking about past events."33

It explains that code-mixing and code switching has many reasons, it helps someone when he/she quotes some utterances from other, and to specify who our interlocutor is.

Eunhee Kim also has explanation about four kinds of social motivation of code-mixing, these are:

a. Participant Role and Relationship

In bilingualism, participant role and relationship has an important role, we have to choose the suitable language when talk to other. The bilingual code-mix or not depends on whom they talk to. Their relationship between the speaker and the interlocutors will affect the speaker's code-mix.34Such as a Javanese will code-mix their utterances between Javanese and Indonesian when they talk to their friends, but when Javanese talk to their parent, they talk in one language which appropriate with their culture that is in Kromo Inggil.

R.A. Hudson, Op. Cit. P. 53 33

Eunhee Kim, “Reason and Motivation for Code-Mixing and Code-Switching”, Vol. 4 No. 1. (2006). ELF Journal. P. 46. Accessed on 25 February 2015

(28)

b. Situational Factor

In the Uenhee Kim's journal, Bhatia and Ritchie determined that some languages are more appropriate if people use it in the suitable setting, participant, and topic. It caused each social group has a different language with other.35 They also said that gender, class, religion, age and the other social variable can influence the occurrence of code-mixing.36

Some of social traditional, the role of gender has a clearly constraint such as the usual phenomena that men who work outside will has a different code-mixing with women who only do domestic activity.37

Pedraza and Hoffman also postulate that using code-mixing is reputed as adolescent attitude, when people (bilingual speakers) are adult; they will keep their own language and use it separately.38

c. Message-Intrinsic Factors

Message-Intrinsic of language such as quotation, reiteration, topic-comment, hedging, interjections, idioms and deep-rooted cultural wisdom are some factors which cause the occurrence of code-mixing.39

35_Ibid.,

P.47

36 Ibid.

37_Ibid ., P. 48 38

Ibid., 39

(29)

d. Language Attitudes, Dominance, and Security

Attitude of language can influence the existence of code-mixing in daily life. Frequency of bilingual to code-mix influenced from how speech community consider the code-mixing positively or negatively.40

Dominance also influenced the occurrence of code-mixing. As Genesee said, the bilingual children will code-mix between the first language with the second language, but they will incline use more the first language than the second language. It caused they do not dominate the linguistic structure of the second language.41

So many people secure their selves by code-mix their language. To avoid the disunion of people's relationship, they usually code-mix their language when they are angry and tired in order to the interlocutors do not understand what they mean.42 That is when people feel not secure; they tend to mix language more.43

VI. Jargon

Specificity of language in a particular group has a lot of characters; one of them is closed-ended. It means there is a language code which is only understood by the same group. Members of this group have a

Ibid., P. 49 41

Ibid. 42

Ibid., P. 49 43

(30)

special term used in the context of the other members of their group.44 According to Fromkin, jargon is special words peculiar to the members of the profession or group.45 So, jargon means a word or phrases used by members of particular group (especially occupational group) which people beyond the group are difficult to understand the meaning.

Jargon is usually found in every life scope, for example, linguistics' jargons are phoneme, semantics, and morphology.46 Meanwhile in restaurant, word "greeting" means the waiters greet new costumers and find it out seat, as we know the meaning of greeting is first word used on seeing somebody or writing somebody like 'Hello'47.

Jargon also has some functions. It is used by someone to shortening a long explanation, it also used for making the solidarity among the members of the group, social class identify.

As Wijayana said, jargon berfungsi sebagai Indonesian yang mudah dan menjadi identitas kelompok tertentu.48 Although jargon should not use in generally because of the limited meaning , but it has

Naryatmojo and Deby Luriawati, “Bentuk dan Faktor Penyebab Penggunaan Jargon Masyarakat Nelayan di Rembang”.Vol. 3. No.4. (2010). UNNES Journal. online available: http://journal.unnes.ac.id/indek.php/ lingua/. Accessed on 22 November 2013

George Yule, The Study of Language Third Edition, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006) P. 63

Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman and Nina Hyams. An Introduction to Language Seventh Edition. (USA: Thomson Place, 2003). p.475

47_{Cambridge Advance Learner's Dictionary Third Edition}

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010) p.184

Fitri Anggraini Harahap."Jargon Narapidana di Lembaga Permasyarakatan kelas IIB Lubuk Pakam". Vol. 3.No. 1. (2013). UNIMED Journal. Accessed on August 2013

(31)

some functions that give easiness to get communication well for members of the group.

In the other word, jargon can increase the image and prestige's user. In social life, jargons also help someone to create and keep the relationship between those who regard them as part of the group and who are not.49

According to Grave and Mokienko, jargon separated into five kinds, such as collocation jargon, criminal jargon, occupational jargon, obscenities jargon, and adolescence jargon.

First is Collocation jargon, it used widely in society. It also used by people in common and in non-formal situation. Such as collocation jargon in Indonesia is sikon, it means situation and condition. The second is Criminal jargon, it is used by the carries criminal. Such as in Indonesia's criminal jargon, Barang or Thing in English is jargon which is used by wrongdoer to mention the criminal target. The third is occupational jargon; it is used by employee in particular profession to make communication with their peer. It is usually used to show what someone's occupation. Such as Roda gila or crazy tire is jargon usually used by mechanic. The forth is obscenities jargon, is jargon which derived from basic words but produce new meaning. The fifth is adolescence jargon. It used by young people aged 14-25 years. For example, in Indonesia there is jargon kepo. Kepo means someone who

(32)

enthusiastic to know something. 50

There are factors of using jargon in daily communication and everyone has their own motives of using it. Angelina explains that situational factors like time, language, place, and conversation's topic is influencing of using jargon.51

Naryatmojo also added two motives of using jargon, she explains that a speech community using jargon because people before them used it for making communication, and they used it to show their group identity.52

Fitri Anggraini Harahap, Loc. Cit. 51

Siska Angelina, "Penggunaan Jargon oleh Pemasar Produk Multi Level Marketing Greenlite RDC-009Padang". Vol. 5.No. 3. (2010). P.1

(33)

24 CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS

This chapter is intended to discuss about types of code-mixing, the social factors of doing it, and the speaker's reasons of using some types of code-mixing when expressing jargons which used by Annisa Travel Agency's Ticketing Staff when she served the customer in South Jakarta. This research carried out the analysis by using the theory that the writer wrote down in the review of literature part including Types of code-mixing and social factors of code-mixing. This chapter also tries to solve the problem formulation and to attain the goal arranged in objectives of the study.

From the conversation which had been recorded, there are nine of utterances which can become the data of this research, but this research only analyzes the utterances which state from Annisa Tour and Travel Agency's Ticketing Staff, so that there are seven utterances only which can be analyzed.

The data are collected from the conversation of Annisa Travel Agency's Ticketing Staff's utterances when she/he served the customer on 9 March 2015 which had been recorded by the writer. After that, the data are transcribed. Then, the utterances which contain the code-mixing elements are sorted by the writer. The sorted utterances are classified based on the types of code-mixing by the Pieter Muysken's Theory. After that, the data are analyzed about the social factors of code-mixing from the sorted utterances by the Eunhee Kim's theory and the data are also analyzed about the staff's reason of using some types of code mixing

(34)

when she/he expressing Travel Agency's jargons. The last, the result of analysis will be concluded by the writer.

The Analysis of Types of Mixing and Social Factors of The Code-Mixing.

i. Analysis of Data I

Customer : "Mbak, saya mau pesen tiket tanggal 15 April."

Staff : "Destination-nya kemana, Ibu?" Customer : "Jakrta-Medan, jam 15.00, ada?"

From the conversation above the writer found the formation of code-mixing's process of congruent lexicalization, the staff inserted word "destination" in her Indonesian's utterance. It is called congruent lexicalization because the staff inserted the word "destination" which the English lexical class is a noun, and -nya in Indonesian is one of affixation which can modify with noun. So, the writer concludes that the type of code-mixing in this utterance is congruent lexicalization because from Muysken's theory, this type is refers to the situation where two languages share grammatical structures which can be filled lexically with elements from either language.53

The social factors which motivated the staff to code-mix in her utterance from data I is dominance factor. From the cutoff of conversation above, the staff inserted word "destination" in her utterance because she habitually use that word (destination) which already became

(35)

one of Travel Agency's jargons. Because of it, the staff unconsciously used tourism jargon when she served the customer. The staff already dominated by Travel Agency's jargon when she served the customer.

So, that the writer concludes that dominance factor influences her to code-mix unconsciously because that word or jargon already dominated her language.54

The staff's reason when she code-mixed in the type of congruent lexicalization because word "destination" is not only used as jargons, but also it already habitually used in daily life. So, the staff could place that jargon in congruent place.

ii. Analysis of Data II

Staff : "One-way atau return?" Customer : "Return saja mbak".

From the conversation above the writer found the formation of code-mixing's process of insertion, the staff inserted phrase "One-way" and word "return" in her Indonesian's utterance. It called Insertion because the English lexical class of phrase "One-way" and word "return" is not agree with the lexical class in Indonesian. Sentence with following with conjunction "or" is included in parallel sentence. Parallel sentence is the sentence which forms from the same lexical class, whereas the lexical class of "One-way" and "return" are different. So that, this cutoff of conversation is included in Insertion, because insertion occurs when

(36)

lexical items from one language are incorporate into another.55

The social factor which motivated the staff to code-mix their utterance with English is situational factor. Because of the staff knew the customer understood the Travel Agency's jargons, she inserted the Travel Agency's jargons continuously in their conversation. It also supported from the customer's response, she said "return saja mbak.", that utterance signed that the customer knows well about the meaning of Travel Agency's jargon, so the conversation's message can be deliver well.

So that, from that analysis the writer concludes that the social factor which motivated the staff to code-mix is the situational factors, because the staff knew her interlocutor mastered the Travel Agency's jargons also. In the Uenhee Kim's journal, Bhatia and Ritchie determined that some languages are more appropriate if people use it in the suitable setting, participant, and topic.56

The staff's reason of using Insertion type when she/he expressing Travel Agency's jargons in this cutoff conversation because she already habitually used two of jargons between "one-way and return" successively, it is caused "one-way and return" are jargons which have relation in Travel Agency's world. So that the staff using it without knowing which the correct grammatical.

iii. Analysis of Data III

Staff : "Boleh tahu nomer passanger-nya bu?"

Monica Stella and Neny Isharyanti, Loc. Cit

(37)

Customer : "IndahPermata"

From the conversation above the writer found the formation of code-mixing's process of congruent lexicalization, the staff inserted word "passenger" in her Indonesian's utterance. It called congruent lexicalization because the staff combined word "passenger" which used as Travel Agency's jargon from English modifies Indonesian affixation -nya. Indonesian affixation -nya can modify with noun. Whereas the lexical class of passenger is noun.

So the writer concludes that this statement includes Congruent Lexicalization, because word "passenger" and affixation -nya are two languages which can share grammatical structures which can be filled lexically with elements from either language.57

The social factor which motivated the staff to code-mix in this cutoff of conversation is the Participant Factor. From the conversation, the staff code-mixed from Indonesian to English because she was convinced that the customer has mastered of some of Travel Agency's jargons. It showed when the customer looked enjoy and did not ask some questions when the staff inserted the tourism jargons such as destination, one-way, return, and passenger. It is a sign that customer understood the meaning of Travel Agency's jargons well. These all made the staff more confident and enjoy to inserted Travel Agency's jargon which formed by English anymore.

(38)

So, the writer concludes that social factor which motivated the ticketing staff to code-mix is affected from who the interlocutor is.58

The staff's reason used congruent lexicalization as her type of code-mixing in this cutoff conversation because she already habitually used it in doing job, so that it happened unconsciously.

iv. Analysis of Data IV

Staff : "Baik tunggu sebentar, reservation-nya akan segera saya buat."

From the staff statement that above the writer found the formation of code-mixing's process of congruent lexicalization, the staff inserted word "reservation" her Indonesian's utterance. It called congruent lexicalization because the staff combined the word "reservation" which used as Travel Agency's jargon from English with Indonesian affixation -nya. Indonesian affixation -nya can be attached to a noun. Meanwhile the lexical class of reservation is noun.

So the writer concludes that this statement included congruent lexicalization, because word "reservation" and affixation -nya are two languages which can share grammatical structures which can be filled lexically with elements from either language.59

The social factor which motivated the staff to code-mix their utterance with English is participant role factor. The reason is same with the analysis of data II, the staff used English jargon like "reservation"

Eunhee Kim, Loc. Cit

(39)

because she knew the customer understood the Travel Agency's jargons, so that she inserted the Travel Agency's jargons continuously in their conversation.

On the other hand, she already habitually used Travel Agency's jargons which are formed from English. So that she prefer to use English than Indonesian (to mention "reservation") when the customer fixed to order the ticket. This is included in dominance factor.60

So that, from that analysis the writer concludes that the social factor which motivated the staff to code-mix in data IV is the Situational Factors and dominance factor, because the staff knew her interlocutor mastered the Travel Agency's jargons. It also showed from the staff habitually to use Travel Agency's jargon which is formed from English. In the Uenhee Kim's journal, Bhatia and Ritchie determined that some languages are more appropriate if people use it in the suitable setting, participant, and topic.61

The staff's reason used congruent lexicalization as her type of code-mixing in this cutoff conversation because she already habitually used it in doing job, so that it happened unconsciously.

v. Analysis of Data V

Staff : "Oke Ibu, reservation-nya sudah saya buat a/n Indah Permata, DSI90 Y class, 15 April 2015, dengan rute Jakarta-Medan, pukul 15.05, tiba pukul 17.30. Lalu GA195 Y class, 18 April 2015, dengan rute Medan-Jakarta, jam 20.35, tiba pukul 23.00. Untuk harganya,

Eunhee Kim, Loc. Cit

(40)

Mohon ditunggu sebentar, Ibu. Total Rp. 4.519.000.00."

Customer : "Oke makasih ya mbak."

From the staff statement above the writer found the formation of code-mixing's process of congruent lexicalization, the staff inserted word "reservation" her Indonesian's utterance. It called congruent lexicalization because the staff combined word "reservation" which used as Travel Agency's jargon from English with Indonesian affixation -nya. Indonesian affixation -nya can modify with noun. Whereas the lexical class of "reservation" is noun.

Phrase "Y class" in that conversation is include in congruent lexical too, because she inserted that phrase in suitable place as a lexical class in English and it did not break the Indonesian grammatical because it only a quotation from the airplane.

So the writer concludes that code-mixing are included congruent lexicalization Type, two languages which can share grammatical structures which can be filled lexically with elements from either language is called congruent lexicalization.62

There are two social factors which motivated the staff to code-mix between Indonesian with English (used as Travel Agency's Jargon). The first is participant role, the second is message-intrinsic factor.

When the staff code-mixed in word "reservation"-nya is one of proof that she knew who the interlocutor. She was conscious that the

(41)

interlocutor known well about Travel Agency's jargons, so that she used it continuously when they talked each other.

The second is message-intrinsic Factor. The staff insert phrase such as "Y class" because that phrase is quotation from the airplane enterprise, she only mentioned the airplane specification which has already printed. As Eunhee Kim said that quotation can cause the occurrence of code-mixing.63

So, from the analysis above the writer concludes that the social factors of data V are participant role factor and message-intrinsic factor.

The staff's reason used congruent lexicalization as her type of code-mixing in this cutoff conversation because she already habitually used it in doing job, so that it happened unconsciously. Besides it, she also quoted a phrase like "Y class" as mentioned in the information of airlines.

vi. Analysis of Data VI

Staff : "Untuk reservation ticket-nya saya issued atau tidak, Ibu? Customer : "Boleh issued saja."

From the staff's utterance above the writer found the formation of code-mixing's process of insertion, the staff inserted phrase reservation ticket in her Indonesian's utterance. It called Insertion because the staff inserted phrase reservation ticket ungrammatically. She formed that phrase same as Indonesian phrase. The true arrangement of phrase in

(42)

English is ticket reservation.

The staff also inserted word issued in her utterances. It also includes as Insertion, because it should be in verb I, but the staff said it in verb II.

So, from the explanation above the writer concludes that the data VI belonging to code-mixing type insertion, because insertion occurs when lexical items from one language are incorporate into another.64

The social factor which motivated the staff to code-mix their utterance with English is participant role factor. Because of the staff knew the customer understood the Travel Agency's jargons, she inserted the Travel Agency's jargons continuously in their conversation. It also supported from the customer's response, she said "Boleh, issued saja" that utterance signed that the customer knew well about the meaning of Travel Agency's jargon, so the conversation's message can be deliver well.

So that, from that analysis of data VI, the writer concludes that the social factor which motivated the staff to code-mix is the participant role factors, because the staff convinced her interlocutor mastered the Travel Agency's jargons. In the Uenhee Kim's journal, Bhatia and Ritchie determined that some languages are more appropriate if people use it in the suitable setting, participant, and topic.65

The staff's reason used Insertion as her type of code-mixing in this

Monica Stella and Neny Isharyanti, Loc. Cit

(43)

cutoff's conversation because she arranged that phrase same as Indonesian grammatical, it is caused she already habitually to use Indonesian when she communicates with other. So that she code-mixed ungrammatically and identified as insertion.

vii. Analysis of Data VII

Staff : "Baik, tunggu sebentar ya, Bu. Ini tiketnya ya bu, jangan sampai telat datang ke Airport."

Customer : "Oke, makasih banyak ya mbak."

From the staff statement that above the writer found the formation of code-mixing's process of congruent lexicalization, the staff inserted word airport her Indonesian's utterance. It called congruent lexicalization because word airport is a noun in English lexical class. Whereas, Indonesian conjunction ke- is always followed by noun.

So that, the writer concludes that data VII is called Congruent Lexicalization because it refers to the situation where two languages share grammatical structures which can be filled lexically with elements from either language.66

The social factor which motivated the staff to code-mix this cutoff of conversation with English is participant role factors. Because of the staff knew that her interlocutor mastered English, so the staff prefers to use English than Indonesian (She mentioned Airport, not Bandara). According to Eunhee Kim participant role and relationship has an important role in code mixing, someone has to choose the suitable

(44)

language when talk to other. The bilingual code-mix or not depends on whom they talk to, and the writer concludes that the staff motivated to code-mix because she know well with whom she talked to.67

The staff's reason she code-mixed in the type of congruent lexicalization because word "airport" is not only used as jargons, but also it already habitually used in daily life and she knew the meaning well. So, the staff could place that jargon in congruent place.

(45)

36 CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

By referring to the analysis in Chapter Three, there are seven sentences which arranged from two languages, these are Indonesian and English (which used as travel Agency's Jargons). They are separated into three types of code-mixing, insertion, alternation, and congruent lexicalization. From the result of the analysis, they are showed that there are 5 sentences which are included in congruent lexicalization type and 2 sentences which are included in insertion type.

Besides that, this research also analyzed the social factor which motivates Annisa Travel Agency's Ticketing Staff to code-mix her utterances when served the customer. They separated into four social factors; these are participant role and relationship factor, situational factor, message-intrinsic factor, and language attitude, dominance, and security factor. Based on the analysis, there is one utterance from the staff contains two social motivations, so that the analysis result of social motivation are more than the analysis result of types.

From seven utterances which considered as code-mixing utterances, there are 4 sentences which are included in participant role factor. It is caused the staff knew who her interlocutor is, and how far the interlocutor's ability in mastering Travel Agency's jargons which formed from English.

There are two utterances which included in situational factor. It caused the staff could catch the sign of customer's understanding from her responses which

(46)

used Travel Agency's jargons also without asked the meaning of it. That responses signed that the customer knows well about the meaning of Travel Agency's jargon, so the staff inserted English word (which used as Travel Agency's jargons) continuously.

After participant role factor and situational factor, there is message-intrinsic factor. There is only one sentence which included in this social factor of code-mixing. It caused that phrase (English phrase which used as Travel Agency's Jargons) is quotation.

The last is dominance factor. There are two sentences identified as dominance factor. It caused the staff had mastered the Travel Agency's jargons and habitually inserted them into her utterances when the staff serves the customers so that she code-mixed unconsciously.

Besides analyzing the type and social factors, the writer also analyzed the staff's reasons in using some of types of code-mixing when expressing Travel Agency's jargons.

The reason of using congruent lexicalization when expressing the jargons are; the jargons already habitually used in daily life, the staff knew the meaning well, the jargons quoted from the information of airlines.

The reason of using insertion when expressing the jargons are; The staff arranged that phrase same as Indonesian grammatical, there are two of jargons used successively and they have relation but they do not arrange parallel.

(47)

B. Suggestion

The readers (especially for linguistics learners) are hoped to continue the analysis of code-mixing, not only in Travel Agency, but also in the other wide profession, because in the writer's opinion, code-mixing is one of the unique phenomena appeared from people's social life.

By referring to this research, it also hoped there will be the learners who will analyze further about the code-mixing which occur in Travel Agency, not only analyze the type and the social factors, but also analyze the other sides of linguistics.

The last, this research are expected to be useful to sharpen the reader's understanding about code-mixing especially in type of code-mixing based on Muysken's Theory and the social factors which established by Eunhee Kim.

(48)

REFERENCES

Anisa Ramadhani, "Campur Kode Indonesian Indonesia-Indonesian Inggris dalam Acara "Welcome to BCA" di Metro TV". Unpublished Thesis. (Depok: Universitas Indonesia, 2011). Accessed on 22 February 2015 Cambridge Advance Learner's Dictionary Third Edition (Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 2010)

Ema Nurlaela, "Campur Kode pada Percakapan Customer Service Agent Telkomsel." Vol.4.No.6. (September 2012). Unpad Journal. Accessed on 22 February

Eunhee Kim, Reason and Motivation for Code-Mixing and Code-Switching, Vol. 4 No. 1. (2006). P. 46. EFL Journal. Accessed on 25 February 2015

Fitri anggraini harahap. "Jargon Narapidana di Lembaga Permasyarakatan kelas IIB Lubuk Pakam". Vol. 3.No. 1. (2013). UNIMED Journal. Accessed on

August 2013

Fromkin, V, Rodman, R., and Hyams, N. An Introduction to Language Seventh Edition. Boston: Thompson Heinle. 2003.

Gumperz, John. Discourse Strategy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1982.

Holmes, Janet. An Introduction of Sociolinguistics. New York: Longman Publishing. 1992.

Lambert, W.W. and W.E. Lambert. Social Psychology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1973.

Margaret Deuchar, "Minority Language Survival: Code-Mixing in Welsh", Vol.608- 620. (2005). International Journal of Bilingualism. Accessed on 23 February 2015

Monica Stella and Neny Isharyanti."Code-Switching and Code-Mixing in Internet Chatting:Between 'yes', 'ya', and 'si' a Case of Study,Vol.5.No.3: (2009). JALTCall Journal Accessed on 23 February 2015

Naryatmojo and Deby Luriawati, "Bentuk dan Faktor Penyebab Penggunaan Jargon Masyarakat Nelayan di Rembang".Vol. 3. No.4. (2010). Unnes Journal. Online available: http://journal.unnes.ac.id/indek.php/ lingua/. Accessed on 22 November 2013

(49)

R.A. Hudson, R. A. Sociolinguistics Second Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1996.

Siska Angelina, "Penggunaan Jargon oleh Pemasar Produk Multi Level Marketing Greenlite RDC-009 Padang". Vol. 5.No. 3. (2010). Unand Jurnal.

Subroto, Edi. Pengantar Metoda Penelitian Linguistik Struktural. Surakarta: Sebelas Maret University Press. 1992

Suwito. Pengantar Awal Sosiolinguistik Teori dan Problema. Surakarta: Henari Offset Solo. 1983.

Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics.UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 1986.

Van den Bogaerde and A.E. Baker. "Code-Mixing in Mother-Child Interaction in Deaf Family". Vol. 5.No. 7. (2006). Dutch Journal of Applied Linguistics. Accessed on 22 February 2015

Yule, George. The Study of Language (Third Edition). New York: Cambridge University Press. 2006

Private Interview with Participant 1, Adijaya,Annisa Tour and Travel, Depok, December 10, 2014

Private Interview with Participant 2, Nurdiana, Anissa Tour and Travel, Depok, October 9, 2014

(50)

Appendices

The Staff : Hallo Selamat siang, dengan Nurdiana dari Annisa Travel, ada yang bisa saya bantu?

Customer : Mbak, saya mau pesan tiket tanggal 15 April.

The Staff : Destination-nya kemana, Ibu? (I)

Customer : Jakarta-Medan, jam 15.00. Ada?

The Staff : Oke baik Ibu, tunggu sebentar ya.

: Jam 15.05, tersedia untuk berapa orang, Ibu?

Customer : Satu orang.

The Staff : One-way atau return,? (II)

Customer : Return saja mbak.

The Staff : Lalu rencana kepulangannya tanggal berapa, Ibu?

Customer : Tanggal 18 April yang jam 20.35.

The Staff : Baik ibu, harap menunggu sebentar.

Boleh tahu nomer passanger-nya bu? (III) Customer : Indah Permata

The Staff : Baik, Mohon sebutkan nomer teleponnya, Ibu?

Customer : 081272992071.

The Staff : Baik tunggu sebentar, reservation ticket-nya akan segera saya buat. Oke Ibu, reservation-nya sudah saya buat a/n Indah Permata, DSI90 Y class, 15 April 2015, dengan rute Jakarta-Medan,jam pukul 15.05, tiba pukul 17.30. Lalu

GA195 Y class, 18 April 2015, dengan rute Medan-Jakarta, jam20.35, tiba pukul 23.00. Untuk harganya, Mohon ditunggu sebentar, Ibu. Total Rp. 4.519.000.00. (IV)(V)

Customer : Oke makasih ya mbak.

The Staff : Untuk reservation ticket-nya saya issued atau tidak, Ibu?(VI)

Customer : Boleh, issued saja.

The Staff : Baik, tunggu sebentar ya, Bu.

Ini tiketnya ya bu, jangan sampai telat datang ke Airport.

(VII)

(51)

Nurdiana's Interview fromAnissa Tour and Travel, South Jakarta

R: Ka nia ngegunain jargon biar lebih percaya diri ga sih? Entah lagi komunikasi sama pelanggan atau sama rekan kerja?

Nia: Iya pasti, karna di kantor kalau ngomongin tentang tiket itu selalu

Indonesian-Indonesian itu yang dipake. Kalo pake Indonesianindonesia malah kagok, gak biasa. Dan kadang kalo diIndonesian indonesiain itu kurang pas artinya.Lebih simple. Orang lebih tau kita pake Indonesian travel dibanding pake Indonesianindonesia.

R: Tapi bukannya orang-orang awam itu ga ngerti Indonesian-Indonesian travel itu ka?

Nia : iya, sebagian ada yang tau dan kebanyakan sih emang yang ga tau. Tapi kita nyiasatinnya dengan mengiringi Indonesian travel dan dibelakang kita kasih tau atinya.

R : Oh gitu, jadi biar pelanggan juga ngerti ya ka Indonesian-Indonesian travel. R : kaka ngegunain jargon itu ngerasa lebih deket ga sama rekan kerja kaka? Jadi merasa lebih akrab gitu?Ga ada diskriminasi diantara kalian.

N : Iya jadi awal-awal kan kita bingung gitu, ih ini apa yah ko temen-temen gue pada ngomong Indonesian-Indonesian inggris gini tapi ko gue ga ngerti. Nah dari situ ada motivasi buat menguasai Indonesian-Indonesian itu deh, jadi setelah tau Indonesian dan artinya kita jadi lebih santai ngobrol soal kerjaan sama rekan kerja kita. Jadi ga minder juga.

R : oh jadi kaka ngerasa lebih nyaman gitu kalo ngobrol pake Indonesian travel itu?

N : nah iyaa, percaya diri kita lebih tinggi setelah kita komunikasi ngeggunain jargon.

R : Terus kaka pernah kepikiran ga sih awal-awal masuk kerja, kaka

menggunakan jargon ini agar diperlakukan adil atau disepadanin di tempat kaka bekerja, di lingkungan travel?

N: iya, karna sebenernya menggunakan jargon itu suatu tuntutan kita kerja. karna kalau kita tidak menggunakan jargon itu bisa di judge bodoh sama orang-orang. "masa elu orang travel tapi ga ngerti Indonesian-Indonesiannya si?" gitu, jadi kita menghindari dari pandangan seperti itu.

(52)

R : Apakah dengan menggunakan jargon travel, kaka merasa termasuk dalam golongan orang travel agent?

N : Iya pasti. Jadi menggunakan Jargon itu menunjukan salah satu identitas kita dan dengan begitu mereka bakal mengganggap kita dari salah satu bagian mereka juga.

R : Oh gituu. Terus kaka pernah kepikiran ga sih, dengan kaka menggunakan jargon travel itu menjadi salah satu tolak ukur kalau kaka udah menguasai dunia pertravelan?

N : Iya pasti, jadi kita merasa lebih dipercayai sama costumer dengan

menggunakan Indonesian-Indonesian travel itu. Jadi orang kan mikirnya "oooh iya nih dia beneran orang travel nih karna komunikasinya pake Indonesian travel." R : selain itu apakah kaka punya niatan menunjukkan identitas pekerjaan kaka dengan menggunakan jargon-jargon travel? Semisal kaka lagi ngobrol sama temen kaka di luar travel agent dan kaka menggunakan salah satu jargon itu saat ngobrol. N : Iya bener, jadi secara sadar atau ga sadar terkadang kita ada niatan buat

menunjukan " Ini loh gue kerja di travel." melalui penggunaan jargon-jargon tersebut saat ngobrol.

R : Pernah ga sih kaka menganggap jargon itu adalah salah satu pencapaian atau tujuan kaka untuk menguasai suatu hal, andai dulu awal-awal kaka mikir "Gue kayanya harus menguasai Indonesian travel deh biar sepadan sama temen-temen kantor.""

N : iya pasti, apalagi kalau kita ga ada basic sama sekali di bidang ticketting, pasti motivasi untuk menguasai Indonesian travel itu semakin tinggi. biar setara

R: apakah dengan menggunakan jargon kaka lebih merasa dihargai? N : iyaa jelas, kita jadi lebih dihargai dikalangan travel. Jadi kita lebih "meyakinkan" sebagai orang travel.

(1)