Background of The Research

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of The Research

In daily life, people use language to communicate with other, to built and keep the social relationship . Now days, almost in every place have two or more languages that people used to communication with other in daily life. People use it in different places based on the situation. When people choose the appropriate language in congruent situation, it is called diglossic situation. According to Holmes diglossia is characteristic of speech communities rather than individuals. Individuals may be bilingual. 1 Because of so many languages appear in social communities, it causes people mix or switch from one language to another. These phenomena called code-mixing and code-switching. Holmes establishes definition about code-switching, he said that Code- switching occurs when the speaker shifts from one language to another or when the speaker switches from one code to another. 2 It explains code-switching is not only occurs when someone switches the language but also switches the code dialect, intonation etc.. Then, the phenomena of code-mixing are also often happen in our social life. According to Hudson, code-mixing means where a fluent bilingual talking to another fluent bilingual changes language without any change at all in the 1 Janet Holmes, An Introduction of Sociolinguistics New York: Longman Publishing, 1992, p.30 2 Ibid .p.49-50 situation. 3 It explains that code-mixing occurs when the bilingual speaker alternates his languageher language in one situation sentence. Code-mixing has three types which are established by Muysken, the first is insertion. This type occurs when lexical items from one language are incorporate into another 4 . For the example, the Indonesian speaker mixes her utterances with English, 1 Aku sih yes, kamu lolos ke show selanjutnya. Another type is alternation. This type occurs when structures of two languages are alternated indistinctively both of the grammatical and lexical level. 5 For the example, the Indonesian speaker mixes her utterances with English, 2 You have to belajar yang giat. The last type is congruent lexicalization. Congruent lexicalization is refers to the situation where two languages share grammatical structures which can be filled lexically with elements from either language. 6 For the example is when Indonesian speaker mixes her utterances with English, 3 Saya suka performance kamu malam ini. Code-mixing also has some functions, it can become someones sign to show what the second language which has mastered. Such as someone who often inserts the Arabic terminology when shehe talks to other, it can be describe that someone wants to show that she know Islam further. 3 R.A. Hudson. Sociolinguistics Second Edition.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 53 4 Monica Stella and Neny Isharyanti, Code-Switching and Code-Mixing in Internet Chatting:Between yes, ya, and si a Case of Study, Vol.5.No.3: 2009. JALTCall Joural. Accessed on 20 February 2015 5 Ibid. 6 Ibid. It is not only being the sign of someones identity, but also can be the measure of someones language attitude towards the other language. Attitude in language gives the people a good or bad choice to decide whether the best language which the people have to choose. There are some social factors, which motivated someone to code-mix or code switch their utterances into two languages. Eunhee Kim has established four social factor of code-mixing. The first, code mixing can occur when people know well who the interlocutor, it usually called participant role and relationship factor. The second, situation and condition of people also can occur code-mixing in daily life, and it called situational factor. The third, quotation, hedging, idioms also can appear people to code-mix their utterances. It is called message-intrinsic factor. The last, language attitude, security, and dominance also can be the social factor of people to code-mix. From the explanation above, this research is aimed to discuss the types of code-mixing, the social factors that motivate someone to code-mixing and someones reasons of using some types of code-mixing when shehe expressing jargons which form by English words or phrases. The data is taken from Tour and Travel Agencys ticketing staff utterances, because as we know, that company is one of communities which use some of English words or phrases to be their occupational jargon. These jargons are usually inserted by the ticketing staffs in their utterances when they serve the customers.

B. Focus of The Research