2 Intensive Controlled Writing
In this category, most assessment tasks are more concerned with a focus
on form, and are rather strictly controlled by the test design. It is applied
for Junior High School.
3 Responsive Writing
This level requires the students to perform a limited discourse level,
creating logically connected sequence of two or three paragraphs. It is
usually intended for Senior High School level.
4 Extensive Writing
It implies successful management of all the processes and strategies of
writing for all purposes, such an essay, a term paper, a thesis, etc. This
level is usually for advanced learners.
2.2.4.4 Writing Process
Brown 2001:335 states, “Written products are often the result of thinking, drafting,
and revising procedures that requires specialized skills, skills that not every speaker
develops naturally.” It means that writing is not a simple task, needs the process of
building the idea and constructing a text.
“Process of writing is a way of looking at what people do when they compose
written text” Harmer, 2004: 12. Meyers 2005: 2 states that “writing comes from
working through a process of writing. The process of writing falls into some steps.”
Meyers 2005:3‐11 also states “No two writers approach writing in exactly the same
way.” However, they generally follow a series of actions as follows:
1 Explore ideas
In this step, a writer usually considers three main things, subject, purpose, and audience.
2 Pre-write
Pre-writing is a process in which a writer puts hisher ideas into words. This process can be done through several methods such as
brainstorming, clustering, or free writing. 3
Organize Organizing is the process of selecting, subtracting, and adding ideas,
and then outlining them. 4
Write a first draft In this step, a writer writes quickly to record his or her thoughts and
then puts notes and new ideas in the margins. 5
Revise the draft Revising is an important step, especially in writing in the second
language. In this step, a writer should change and correct his or her work.
6 Produce the final copy
Producing the final copy is the final step in which a writer edits the writing once again and makes a copy which is cleaned from errors.
Related to the writing process, Ron White and Valerie Arndt 1991:5 as quoted by Harmer 2003:258 assist that “process writing is an interrelated set of
recursive stages which include 1 drafting, 2 structuring ordering information,
experimenting with arrangement, etc., 3 reviewing checking context, connections, assessing impact, editing, 4 focusing that is making sure you are
getting the message across you want to get across, and 5 generating ideas and evaluation assessing the draft andor subsequent drafts.”
2.2.5 Text Genres
