CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, the writer wants to discuss about 1 A Descriptive study, 2 KTSP School Based Curriculum of English 3 Speaking as a skill, 4 Elements
of speaking, 5 Principles for teaching speaking, 6 Classroom speaking activities, 7 Contextual Teaching and Learning CTL, 8 Characteristic of
junior high school students.
2.1 A Descriptive Study
According to Arikunto 1998 : 245 , a descriptive study is a kind of non- hypothesis research and do not need to formulate the hypothesis in steps of the
research. Dealing with this study, descriptive study is differentiated into two kinds of research based on the characteristics of process and the data analysis. Those
are: 1 Descriptive explorative study
Descriptive explorative study aims to describe a situation of status of phenomenon. In this study, the research only wants to know the matter that deals
with a situation. The collected data was classified into two categories. There are qualitative data and quantitative data. The qualitative data are describing the
words or sentences that are separated based on the categories to get the conclusion. It can be differentiated into two methods :
a The data is summed up, compared with the expected result and obtained the percentage. This technique is usually called
‘descriptive qualitative technique’. b The data is summed up, classified so that it can form the
formation of data array. After this, the table will be made and processed become the calculation. The calculation used to get the
conclusion or the importance visualization of the data. The visualization of data aims to make the researcher easier to
understand the result of the study. The methods of visualization are polygon graphic, picture diagram, etc. Arikunto,1998 : 245
2 Descriptive developmental study Descriptive developmental study is usually used to find a model. Its usually
use in every research area. The data is compared with the criteria that has been decided the criteria will be purposed. If there are something difficulties, so it will
be held the modification of the model or in the execution. In this term, the tester of data is compared the criteria or standard that has been approved previously in
the time of the arrangement research design. In this research, the writer will use descriptive explorative study. It aims to
describe a situation of status of phenomenon about the application of using contextual teaching and learning to teaching speaking.
2.2 KTSP School Based Curriculum of English
