Objective of the Study Problem Formulation

7 story by sharing imaginatively the feelings or the activities of the characters in the story” 1971: 19. While Van De Laar and Schoonderwoerd in their book An Approach to English Literature say that “there are two main elements of a novel that should be employed in a story; they are the story or the plot and the people or the characters” 1963: 170. In the other side Abrams, in his book A Glossary of Literary Terms, says that “a character may remain essentially stable, or unchanged in his outlook and dispositions, from the beginning to the end of the work, or he may undergo a radical change, either through a gradual development or as the result of an extreme crisis” 1981: 20. And also he says that “a character is an imagined person who inhabits a story and it shows a distinctive type of person” 1981: 20. For that reason, a character must be an important feature of a novel and a character will not remain the same because it will change according to its situations and conditions. Almost the same with others, Little in his book Approach to Literature: An Introduction to Critical Study of Content and Method in Writing states that “a novel is greatly concerned with a character so that a novel is expected to present one or a few characters in considerable depth” 1981: 91. A novel is expected to present the development of characters and explore deeply in personal relationship of the characters. According to Kenney in his book How to Analyze Fiction, there are two kinds of character 1968: 28-29, namely: 8 a. Simple flat characters It is easy to recognize simple or flat characters because the readers see only one side of the characters and these characters are familiar types to the readers. b. Complex round characters The complex or round characters cannot be described only in one phrase. They have some capability in surprising the readers because of the changes in their character. A little bit different from Kenney, Eastman in Guide to Novel says that “flatness is the natural tool of satire, which simplifies and exaggerates a character’s follies in order to expose them” 1965: 18-19. While De Laar and Schoonderwoerd in Approach to English Literature argue that “flat characters are often quite serviceable, especially as comic characters” 1963: 171.

B. Theory of Characterization

However, it is not enough to understand a novel. It needs another element to help us build a complete description of the character, either psychologically or physically. It is known as characterization. Rohrberger and Woods in their book Reading and Writing about Literature define the word “characterization” as “the process by which an