Theory of Character REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

10 with another, he is reflecting his personality. From his speech we know his attitude toward other characters and life. d. Past life The author can also describe his or her character by letting the readers learn some events or experiences about the character’s past life that has some close connection to his present life. The author gives a clue about the character’s past experiences or moments which have influenced and formed the character’s personality. This can be done through some straight comments from the author himself through his conversation with other characters or through the means of another character. e. Conversation of others The author gives the readers hints to a character’s personality from the other character’s conversation about other character. f. Reactions The author can describe the character’s personality through his reaction on different situations and moments, so that the readers may know the quality of the character in dealing with the situations and moments encountered by the character. g. Direct comment The author can describe the character’s personality explicitly by giving his opinion and comment about the character. 11 h. Thought The author lets the readers know the character’s personality by stating explicitly what is in the character’s mind. The readers are led to the mental process of the character that conveys ideas. i. Mannerism The author describes the character’s behavior and also his habits both the positive and the negatives ones. From his habits and behavior the readers can know the reflection of his personality. In his book Structure, Sound and Sense Perrine says that “to be convincing, characterization must also observe three principles” 1974: 69. The principles are: a. Consistency in behavior Characters must not behave one way on one occasion and a different way on another unless there is a clearly sufficient reason for the changes. b. Motivation Characters should be motivated in whatever they do especially when there is any change in their behavior. Readers must be able to understand the reasons for what they do if not immediately, or at least by the end of the story. 12 c. Plausibility Characters must be plausible or lifelike. They must be relevant to the readers. Characters must have some traits which are the same as those of human beings in the real world.

C. Review of Psychological Approach

Discussed in http:wiki.answers.com, a Psychological Approach is a theory created by a psychologist. This theory is applied to different aspects of Psychology; the approach basically provides an explanation of a specific topic from a certain point of view; and one of the most important figures in Psychology is Sigmund Freud. In http:en.wikipedia.orgwikiPsychology, it is clearly stated that from the 1890s until his death in 1939, the Austrian physician Sigmund Freud developed a method of psychotherapy known as psychoanalysis. Freuds understanding of the mind was largely based on interpretive methods, introspection and clinical observations, and was focused in particular on resolving unconscious conflict, mental distress and psychopathology. Freuds theories became very well-known, largely because they tackled subjects such as sexuality, repression, and the unconscious mind as general aspects of psychological development. In his book, An Outline of Psychoanalysis 1949, Sigmund Freud wrote that psychoanalysis makes a basic assumption, the discussion of which falls within the sphere of philosophical thought, but the justification of which