17
granted but should be carefully examined for the connotations they communicate.
36
Some characters are given names that suggest their dominant or controlling traits. Others characters are given names that reinforce
or sometimes are in contrast to their physical appearance. Names can also contain literary or historical allusion that aid in
characterization by means association.
37
f. Characterization through Contrast : Dramatic Foils
One of the most effective techniques of characterization is the use of foils contrasting characters whose behavior, attitudes,
opinions, lifestyle, physical appearance, and so on are the opposite of those of the main characters. The effect is similar to that achieved by
putting black and white together-the black appears blacker and the white appears writer. The tallest giant and the tiniest midget might be
placed side by side at the carnival sideshow, and the filmmaker sometimes uses characters in much the same way.
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B. The Hierarchy of Human Needs Theory
Humanistic psychology pioneered by Maslow is a theory that is used to this research analysis and to see the characteristic of Marni Olivia Olsen in You
Again Film. Before analyzing it, we must know about this theory. This theory is about Hierarchy of human needs. The writer will analyze the character and
36
Ibid., p. 66
37
James H. Pickering and Jeffrey D. Hoeper,op.cit., p. 28
38
Joseph M. Boggs and Dennis W. Petrie, op.cit., p. 64
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characterization of Marni Olivia Olsen in chapter 3 with Maslow’s theory. Hierarchy is any system
of persons or things ranked one above
another. According
to Maslow, there are five levels of hierarchy of needs; there are physiological needs, safety needs, social needs love and belonging, esteem needs and self-
actualization needs. Hierarchy is any system of
persons or things ranked one above
another. According to Maslow, there are five levels of hierarchy of needs;
there are physiological needs, safety needs, social needs love and belonging, esteem needs and self-actualization needs. Physiological, security, social, and
esteem needs are deficiency needs also known as D-needs, meaning that these
needs arise due to deprivation. Satisfying these lower-level needs is important in order to avoid unpleasant feelings or consequences. Maslow termed the highest-
level of the pyramid as growth needs also known as being needs or B-needs.
Growth needs do not stem from a lack of something, but rather from a desire to grow as a person.
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Maslow described a person who can reach a self-actualization as a person who can give the best from themselves and maximize all the talent that a person
has. A person who can reach a self-actualization is a best example of a human. Maslow called this as “the growing tip”.
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Maslow’s hierarchy of needs identifies the basic types of motivation; the basic needs are as follow:
39
Kendra Cherry, “Hierarchy of Needs, The Five Levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs”, www.About.comHierarchy-of-needs.htm accessed on 14
th
Marc 2012
40
Goble, Frank. G. The Third Force: The Psychology of Abraham Maslow. New York: Washington Square Press. 1971. p. 48
