Morphological Process THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

There are three additional ways of characterizing morphemes. First is to label bound morphemes according to whether they attach to the beginning or end of a word. Second, way of characterizing morphemes is to classify bound morphemes according to their function in the complex words of which they are a part. Third, some morphemes attach to words, they create, or derive new word either by changing the meaning of the word or by changing its part of speech.

2.2. Morphological Process

The linguists observe a language which uses the combining of bound and free morphemes to form additional words, they note that the occurring combinations as systemic, as we have certainly seen in English case. To illustrate, unlike that the prefix un- , meaning ‘not’, attaches only to adjective, replay that the prefix re- attaches only to verb, and slowly that the suffix –ly attach only to adjective. It may say that a process is namely ‘morphological process’. Morphological process is a word formation process by combining one morpheme with another morpheme or a word formation by making a modification to its base form affixes. Here are some kinds of morphological process, those are; Affixation, Reduplication, Modification, and Compounding.

2.2.1 Affixation

Words formed by the combination of bound affixes and free morphemes are the result of the process of affixation. This process of affixation is the one of the most general process in language. Parera 1994:18 says : “proses afiksasi terjadi apabila sebuah morfem terikat dibubuhkan atau dilekatkan pada sebuah morfem bebas Universitas Sumatera Utara secara urutan lurus”. affixation process occurs when a bound morpheme attached to free morpheme or word. While Montler 1986:119 state that affixation is the linguistic process use to form new words neologisms by adding morpheme affixes at the beginning prefixation, the middle infixation or the end suffixation of words Affixation in English uses only prefixes and suffixes, but many other languages use infixes as well, include in Indonesian language. Infixes are inserted within the root morpheme. Note, that English really has no infixes.

2.2.1.1 Prefixes

The meaning of prefix in the dictionary is a word or a bound morpheme which placed in front of a word to add or to change its meaning. Examples: un- + happy  unhappy in- + valid  invalid dis- + agree  disagree 2.2.1.2 Suffixes Suffix is a bound morpheme which is added to the end of free morphemes or base form. Examples: general + -ly  generally sick + -ness  sickness develop + -ment  development

2.2.1.3 Classes of Affixation

Affixation also can be divides into two classes; derivational affixes and inflectional affixes. Universitas Sumatera Utara

A. Derivational Affixes

Derivational affixes are the process of adding affixes to roots or bases in order in vary function or modify meaning. Affixation transforms a stem or word from one part of speech to another or from one word class to another. Here are the examples of derivational affixes with a clearly different meaning; a. hit verb; meaning, to strike something + -er equal hitter noun, meaning, a person who strikes something. b. bright adjective, meaning, the quality of emiting a lot of light + -ly equals brightly adverb; meaning, the characteristic of being bright.

B. Inflectional Affixes

Inflectional occurs when a word has different forms but essentially the same meaning and this is only a grammatical difference between them, For example; They make me so proud. He makes me so proud. make and makes, the –s is an inflectional.

2.2.2 Reduplication

Reduplication is a process of forming new words either by doubling an entire free morpheme total reduplication or part of it partial reduplication. An example of total reduplication is found in the Indonesia word to form the plurals of nouns. Examples Singular Plural Rumah house rumah-rumah houses Mobil car mobil-mobil cars Universitas Sumatera Utara In English we never find such reduplication as in Indonesian language. However, some linguists have mentioned some words in English that can be classified as a word derived from reduplication process. The process of reduplication in English is not aimed to change from singular to plural but it is more concerned to the rhythmic of the word. Examples: Criss-cross walkie-talkie twinkle-twinkle zig-zag

2.2.3 Modification

Modification is the one of the processes in forming word as an alternative form. There are two kinds of modification; zero modification and internal modification. In zero modification, the morphemes do not undergo only change in some situation. The form of the root is the same with the new word. It can be used in alternative form either as singular to plural or as infinitive to past and past participle. Examples: 1. To change singular to plural Singular Plural sheep sheep deer deer Universitas Sumatera Utara 2. To change infinitive to past and past participle Infinitive past past participle cut cut cut hit hit hit Internal modification is the process of changing a certain phoneme of a base form in order to form a new word. Examples: 1. changing noun from singular to plural singular plural woman women foot feet 2. changing verb, form present to the past and to the past participle present past past participle see saw seen drive drove driven

2.2.4 Suppletion

Suppletion is about irregularity taken one step further. Suppletive forms are morphologically complex forms in which the connection between the base and the newly created form is not obvious at all. We know that the regular past is formed by suffixing -ed. Anyway what happens when we make the past of these base form: go past  went take past  took Universitas Sumatera Utara The result of went and took have nothing to do with the root go and take. This is a process of suppletion.

2.2.5 Compounding

Compounding is the process of combining two or more free morpheme to form a new word. The words that are the parts of the compound can be: a. free morphemes girlfriend  girl + friend blackbird  black + bird textbook  text + book b. words derived by affixation air conditioner  air + condition + -er looking glass  look + -ing + glass watch maker  watch + make +-r c. words formed by compounding themselves lifeguard chair  life + guard + chair aircraft carrier  air + craft + carrier In English, there is no one formal criterion that can be used for a general definition of compounding, because the relation of their element is different. For example: blackbird  black+bird Universitas Sumatera Utara Black is an adjective that means the very darkest color like coal, while bird is a noun, means a feathered animal with two wings and two legs. If we combine these two words black and bird. They become blackbird which means of the family of any bird Compounding has its own special stress pattern. So the word, for example; ‘white house’ are noun phrase in which ‘white’ describes ‘house’, while white house, with more stress on ‘white’ is a compound. Universitas Sumatera Utara

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY