Findings 1. The Data Description

Stc. No. Number of Devices Cohesive Item Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Items Times Type Items Times Type Items Times Type Items Times Type morning 4 2 He 1 R11 The 1 R23 5 3 He 1 R11 The 1 R23 There 1 R22 6 3 The 2 R23 Every morning 1 C443 7 3 He 1 R11 The 2 R23 8 3 He 1 R11 The 1 R23 There 1 R22 9 6 The 3 R23 One morning 1 C444 Same 1 R31 At the same time 1 C232 10 3 They 1 R14 The 2 R23 11 1 The 1 R23 12 2 There 1 R22 Them 1 R14 13 2 The 2 R23 14 2 The 1 R23 But 1 C212 15 2 Him 1 R11 The 1 R23 16 1 One 1 S11 - - - 17 6 They 2 R14 Two goats 1 E12 Suddenly 1 C13 The 1 R23 That 1 R22 18 2 The 2 R23 19 8 The 5 R23 Then 1 C451 Then 1 R22 And 1 C111 20 6 He 1 R11 After that 1 C411 The 3 R23 And 1 C111 21 5 They 1 R14 In the afternoon 1 C444 The 2 R23 Differen t 1 R33 22 4 This 1 R21 This time 1 C472 They 1 R14 The 1 R23 ∑ 75 58 1 1 15 The above table shows that reference is used in the most part of the passage 58 times, while conjunction is used 15 times. On the other hand, substitution and ellipsis are used only once. In reference, cohesive items that often used are ‘the’, it is even used 5 times within a sentence sentence 19. In terms of grammatical cohesion, a good passage should consist of all kinds of grammatical cohesion in balance manner. This passage only has one substitution and one ellipsis, whereas there are potentials to make more. For example: The black goat then went back to the end of the bridge and let the white goat pass the bridge first. Sentence 19 The sentence could be rephrased as follows: The black goat then went back to the end of the bridge and let the white one pass first. In the above rephrased sentence, ‘one’ is a substitution for ‘goat’, while the omission of ‘the bridge’ is considered as an ellipsis. Table 4.3 Table of Grammatical Cohesion for Passage 2: The Ant and the Dove Stc. No. Number of Devices Cohesive Item Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Items Times Type Items Times Type Items Times Type Items Times Type 1 1 - One hot day 1 C444 2 2 She 1 R12 After 1 C441 3 3 The 1 R23 To reach 1 C323 She 1 R12 4 5 Her 1 R12 While 1 C411 She 1 R12 And 1 C111 The 1 R23 5 3 The 1 R23 Because 1 C312 She 1 R12 6 2 There 1 R22 Luckily 1 C232 7 8 That 1 R22 Seeing 1 C341 The 4 R23 And 1 C111 It 1 R13 8 4 The 2 R23 And 1 C111 There 1 R22 9 3 It 1 R13 Soon 1 C442 Her 1 R12 10 5 That 1 R22 Just at that time 1 C447 His 1 R11 Stc. No. Number of Devices Cohesive Item Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Items Times Type Items Times Type Items Times Type Items Times Type The 1 R23 It 1 R13 11 2 The 1 R23 He 1 R11 12 3 She 1 R12 Him 1 R11 The 1 R23 13 4 The 2 R23 Feeling 1 C341 His 1 R11 14 2 The 1 R23 Her 1 R12 ∑ 47 34 13 The above table shows that reference is used in the most part of the passage 34 times, while conjunction is used 13 times. On the other hand, no substitution or ellipsis is used. In reference, cohesive items that often used are ‘the’, it is even used 4 times within a sentence sentence 7. In terms of grammatical cohesion, a good passage should consist of all kinds of grammatical cohesion in balance manner. This passage does not have substitution and ellipsis, whereas there are potentials. For example: Seeing that the ant was in trouble, the dove quickly plucked off a leaf and dropped it into the water near the struggling ant. Sentence 7 The sentence could be rephrased as follows: Seeing that, the dove quickly plucked off a leaf and dropped it into the water near the struggling ant. The above rephrased sentence is deleting ‘the ant was in trouble’ which already stated in the previous context sentence 5, and therefore can be considered as an ellipsis. Table 4.4 Table of Grammatical Cohesion for Passage 3: The Monkey and the Crocodile Stc. No. Number of Devices Cohesive Item Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Items Times Type Items Times Type Items Times Type Items Times Type 1 1 - One day 1 C444 2 6 He 2 R11 So 1 C311 The 2 R23 Him 1 R11 3 3 The 2 R23 Its 1 R13 4 3 Then 1 R22 The 2 R23 5 10 Now 1 R21 Now 1 C5 The 4 R23 So 1 C311 It 2 R13 And 1 C111 6 1 My 1 R13 7 5 He 2 R11 Then 1 C451 The 1 R23 Then 1 R22 8 6 The 3 R23 Then 1 C451 Then 1 R22 C451 He 1 R11 9 5 I 1 R13 Because 1 C33 My 1 R13 Me 1 R13 The 1 R23 10 3 I 1 R13 It 1 R13 The 1 R23 11 5 The 3 R23 So 1 C311 And 1 C111 12 7 They 1 R14 As soon as 1 C442 The 4 R23 And 1 C111 13 2 Your 1 R13 The 1 R23 14 3 You 1 R13 The 2 R23 15 5 Now 1 R21 Now 1 C5 I 1 R13 And 1 C111 You 1 R13 16 3 The 2 R23 Him 1 R11 17 1 The 1 R23 ∑ 69 55 14 The above table shows that reference is used in the most part of the passage 55 times, while conjunction is used 14 times. On the other hand, no substitution or ellipsis is used. In reference, cohesive items that often used are ‘the’, it is even used 4 times within a sentence sentence 5 and sentence 12. In terms of grammatical cohesion, a good passage should consist of all kinds of grammatical cohesion in balance manner. This passage does not have substitution and ellipsis, whereas there are potentials. For example: So the crocodile turned around and swam back to the bank of the river. Sentence 11 The sentence could be rephrased as follows: So the crocodile turned around and swam back. The above rephrased sentence is deleting ‘to the bank of the river’ which already stated in the previous context sentence 8, and therefore can be considered as an ellipsis. Table 4.5 Table of Grammatical Cohesion for Passage 4: Why are Cicadas Silent in Winter? Stc. No. Number of Devices Cohesive Item Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Items Time s Type Items Times Type Items Times Type Items Times Type 1 2 - In the old days 1 C444 And 1 C111 2 2 They 1 R14 Different 1 R33 3 3 The 2 R23 But 1 C212 4 2 The 1 R23 In the summer 1 C444 5 5 They 2 R14 That 1 R22 The 1 R23 Their 1 R14 6 2 They 1 R14 The 1 R23 7 3 The 2 R23 While 1 C411 8 2 They 1 R14 And 1 C111 9 4 They 2 R14 When 1 C411 The 1 R23 10 2 The 1 R23 One day 1 C444 And 1 C111 11 2 They 1 R14 Their 1 R14 Stc. No. Number of Devices Cohesive Item Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Items Time s Type Items Times Type Items Times Type Items Times Type 12 2 The 1 R23 My 1 R13 13 1 It 1 R13 14 2 Us 1 R14 And 1 C111 15 2 The 1 R23 You 1 R13 16 3 You 2 R13 If 1 C33 17 3 The 1 R23 But 1 C212 We 1 R14 18 2 We 2 R14 19 - 20 3 They 1 R14 And 2 C111 21 4 The 2 R23 In the winter 1 C444 And 1 C111 22 2 It 1 R13 And 1 C111 23 2 The 1 R23 But 1 C212 24 2 They 1 R14 The 1 R23 25 2 We 1 R14 You 1 R13 26 2 Now 1 R21 And 1 C111 27 5 The 2 R23 And 1 C111 That 1 R22 Their 1 R14 28 5 The 1 R23 But 1 C212 We 1 R14 Now 1 R21 It 1 R13 29 5 We 1 R14 If 1 C33 You 1 R13 There 1 R22 Us 1 R14 30 - 31 3 The 1 R23 And 1 C111 Their 1 R14 32 5 The 3 R23 The next day 1 C411 Their 1 R14 33 6 We 1 R14 Thats why 1 C33 The 2 R23 But 1 C212 They 1 R14 ∑ 90 65 26 The above table shows that reference is used in the most part of the passage 65 times, while conjunction is used 26 times. On the other hand, no substitution or ellipsis is used. In reference, cohesive items that often used are ‘the’, it is even used 3 times within a sentence sentence 32. In terms of grammatical cohesion, a good passage should consist of all kinds of grammatical cohesion in balance manner. This passage does not have substitution and ellipsis, whereas there are potentials. For example: While the ants worked hard, the cicadas didn’t do anything. Sentence 7 The sentence could be rephrased as follows: While the ants worked hard, the cicadas didn’t. The above rephrased sentence is deleting ‘do anything’ because the above sentence has already been clear without adding ‘do anything’, and that rephrasing also can make the passage become more cohesive. The rephrasing is considered as an ellipsis. Table 4.6 Table of Grammatical Cohesion for Passsage 5: Sura and Baya Stc. No. Number of Devices Cohesive Item Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Item Times Type Items Times Type Items Times Type Items Times Type 1 1 - a long time ago 1 C444 2 1 - and 1 C111 3 2 They 1 R14 The 1 R23 4 1 They 1 R14 5 3 They 2 R14 but 1 C212 6 2 They 1 R14 Their 1 R14 7 4 They 1 R14 and 1 C111 It 1 R13 Them 1 R14 8 1 It 1 R13 9 1 - And 1 C111 10 1 - suddenly 1 C13 11 2 This 1 R21 My 1 R13 12 13 2 This 1 R21 My 1 R13 14 1 You 1 R13 15 1 I 1 R13 Stc. No. Number of Devices Cohesive Item Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Item Times Type Items Times Type Items Times Type Items Times Type 16 1 then 1 C451 And 1 C111 17 2 They 1 R14 After several hours 1 C442 18 1 Their 1 R14 19 1 I 1 R13 20 2 Me 1 R13 Me too 1 S24 21 1 We 1 R14 22 1 You 1 R13 23 2 I 1 R13 Do have idea 1 E21 24 1 Us 1 R14 Our 1 R14 25 5 I 2 R13 so 1 C311 The 2 R23 26 3 You 1 R13 And 1 C311 The 1 R23 27 3 You 1 R13 so 1 C311 The 1 R23 28 4 The 2 R23 so 1 C311 We 1 R14 29 1 You 1 R13 30 2 - after 1 C442 finally 1 C462 31 4 They 1 R14 then 1 C451 The 1 R23 Different 1 R33 32 3 The 1 R23 but 1 C212 one day 1 C444 33 2 He 1 R11 The 1 R23 34 1 That 1 R22 35 2 Then 1 R22 then 1 C451 and 1 C311 36 1 They 1 R14 37 3 They 1 R14 because 1 C33 Them 1 R14 38 4 They 1 R14 and 1 C11 Them 1 R14 because 1 C33 39 1 The 1 R14 They 1 R14 40 3 Then 1 R22 and 1 C11 The 1 R23 41 6 They 1 R14 and 1 C11 Then 1 R22 Stc. No. Number of Devices Cohesive Item Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Item Times Type Items Times Type Items Times Type Items Times Type The 3 R23 ∑ 83 60 1 1 25 The above table shows that reference is used in the most part of the passage 60 times, while conjunction is used 25 times. On the other hand, substitution and ellipsis are used only once. In the passage, cohesive items that often used are ‘the’ used 15 times and ‘they’ used 13 times. ‘The’ is even used 3 times within a sentence sentence 41. In terms of grammatical cohesion, a good passage should consist of all kinds of grammatical cohesion in balance manner. This passage only has one substitution and one ellipsis, whereas there are potentials. For example: They would fight for it and never stop fighting until one of them gave up. Sentence 7 The sentence could be rephrased as follows: They would fight for it and never stop until one of them gave up. The above rephrased sentence is deleting ‘fighting’ which already appeared in the previous context in sentence 7, and therefore can be considered as an ellipsis. Table 4.7 Table of Grammatical Cohesion for Passage 6: Lonely Landy Stc. No. Number of Devices Cohesive Item Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Item Times Type Items Times Type Items Times Type Items Times Type 1 2 There 1 R22 one day 1 C444 2 1 He 1 R11 3 5 Him 1 R11 One 1 S11 Because 1 C33 They 1 R14 His 1 R11 4 4 We 1 R14 Because 1 C33 You 1 R13 Your 1 R13 5 5 We 1 R14 one day 1 C444 You 1 R13 Us 1 R13 Stc. No. Number of Devices Cohesive Item Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Item Times Type Items Times Type Items Times Type Items Times Type The 1 R23 6 - - - - 7 2 The 2 R23 8 3 I 1 R13 There 1 R22 My 1 R13 9 3 The 2 R23 suddenly 1 C13 10 3 He 1 R11 And 1 C111 You 1 R13 11 2 His 1 R11 Shortly 1 C481 12 1 His 1 R11 13 2 He 1 R11 You 1 R13 14 3 It 1 R13 But 1 C212 Your 1 R13 15 4 I 1 R13 And 1 C111 Your 1 R13 You 1 R13 16 2 They 1 R14 It 1 R13 17 1 Me 1 R13 18 2 You 1 R13 My 1 R13 19 4 The 1 R23 one day 1 C444 His 2 R11 20 2 - Come to the party 1 E11 But 1 C212 21 2 He 1 R11 The 1 R23 22 2 I 1 R13 You 1 R13 23 2 I 1 R13 You 1 R13 24 2 The 1 R23 Finally 1 C462 25 1 The 1 R23 26 2 The 1 R23 suddenly 1 C13 27 1 Your 1 R13 28 4 Then 1 R22 Then 1 C451 Their 1 R14 And 1 C111 29 4 His 3 R11 And 1 C111 30 2 His 1 R11 And 1 C111 31 2 The 1 R23 Unintentionally 1 C13 32 2 The 1 R23 Him 1 R11 33 1 He 1 R11 34 3 His 1 R11 Since 1 C33 He 1 R11 Stc. No. Number of Devices Cohesive Item Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Item Times Type Items Times Type Items Times Type Items Times Type 35 3 Then 1 R22 Then 1 C451 He 1 R11 36 2 He 1 R11 Her 1 R12 37 3 They 1 R14 Him 1 R11 Then 1 R22 38 - ∑ 89 67 1 1 20 The above table shows that reference is used in the most part of the passage 89 times, while conjunction is used 20 times. On the other hand, substitution and ellipsis are only used once. In reference, cohesive items that often used are ‘the’ 12 times within the passage and ‘his’ 10 times within the passage. ‘His’ is even used 3 times within a sentence sentence 29. As in other reading passages, dominant types of grammatical cohesion within the six narrative passages which had been analyzed is reference. However there are some overly usages of the cohesion within the passage, as in below example: Kuku pulled his head and his legs into his shell. Sentence 29 The sentence could be rephrased as follows: Kuku pulled his head and legs into his shell. According to the writer, the rephrasing which has just been done does not only make the sentence sentence 29 become more cohesive because there is one ‘his’ omitting, but also become more interesting to read.

B. Discussion

Based on the aforementioned data analysis and interpretation, it could be claimed that all kinds of grammatical cohesion devices exist in the six narrative passages which have been analyzed. However, not all types of grammatical cohesion devices exist in each passage. Complete types of grammatical cohesion are only shown in passage 1, 5 and 6. Although the devices are appropriately applied within the passages, the results of this study are not aligned with Richards’ argument on characteristics of a good textbook. According to him, a good textbook should provide effective language models and input. 1 Hence, the textbook is not included as a good textbook since it does not provide good passages, in term of grammatical cohesion. In short, good passages in term of grammatical cohesion could be effective language models and input which could enrich students’ grammatical form. The results of this study are in line with 2 previous studies’ results. The first study found is conducted by Fawziah. The study points out that from 6 analyzed passages; there are only 2 narrative passages which have complete kinds of grammatical cohesion. 2 Moreover, the second study found discloses that there are no complete devices existed within 4 narrative passages which had been analyzed. Furthermore, there are no ellipsis appeared within those passages. 3 1 Jack C. Richards, Curriculum Development in Language Teaching, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 254. 2 Syifa Fawziah, “Grammatical Cohesion in Narrative Passages of English Textbook ‘English in Focus 2’ ”, Skripsi , Jakarta: UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, 2013, not published. 3 Karimatul Rofikoh, “A Grammatical Cohesion Analysis of Reading Texts in ‘Get Along with English’ Published by Erlangga”, Skripsi , Jakarta: UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, 2013, not published. 52

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

In this chapter, the writer is about to present the conclusions based on the findings and discussion in the prior chapter as well as offer suggestions for related parties.

A. CONCLUSIONS

Referring to the findings and discussion in preceding chapter, some points could be concluded from this study are as follows: 1. All types of grammatical cohesion i.e. reference, substitution, ellipsis and conjunction exist in the six narrative passages of the English textbook “Bright 2”. 2. Complete kinds of grammatical cohesion devices are only shown in passage 1, 5 and 6. 3. Most of the devices are appropriately applied. Therefore cohesive narrative passages are established. However the analyzed passages do not expose all types of grammatical cohesion sufficiently and provide too much highlights on one type, i.e reference ‘the’.

B. SUGGESTIONS

By revisiting the conclusions of this study, the writer offers some suggestions regarding cohesion within narrative passages in an English textbook. The suggestions are: 1. English teachers should consider the availability of cohesive devices when selecting a textbook as a tool in their teaching learning activities. More variations of cohesive device could enrich their students’ grammatical forms well as their vocabularies. 2. Textbook authors and publishers should consider to provide more variations in grammatical cohesion within an English textbook, and