Reference Grammatical Cohesion Devices

They refers to three blind mice. 34 Possessive determinerpossessive adjective: John has moved to a new house. His wife must be delighted with it. Here, his refers to John. 35 Possessive pronoun: John has moved to a new house. I didn’t know it was his. In this sentence, his refers to John. 36 2 Demonstrative reference Demonstrative reference is reference by means of location, on a scale of closeness. 37 It is essentially a form of verbal pointing to a person or thing. 38 The following figure will describe the system of demonstrative reference: From the demonstrative adverbs here, there, now, then, the use of now in a text is very rarely cohesive. 39 The example of demonstrative reference is: 34 Halliday and Hasan, op. cit., p. 31. 35 Ibid., p. 55. 36 Ibid. 37 Ibid., p. 57. 38 John Langan, College Writing Skills with Readings. Fifth Edition, New York: McGraw- Hill, 2001, p. 474. 39 Halliday and Hasan. loc. cit. “Do you play croquet with the Queen today?” “I should like it very much,” said Alice, “but I haven’t been invited.” “You’ll see me there,” said the Cat, and vanished. From the above sentences, there refers to the place where playing croquet with the Queen will be happened. 40 3 Comparative reference Comparative reference is indirect reference by means of identity or similarity. 41 This reference is divided into two: general comparison and particular comparison. General comparison is comparison in expressing similarity or difference. In general comparison, two things may be the same, similar or different. Furthermore, particular comparison is comparison that is relating with quantity or quality. It is expressed with ordinary adjectives or adverbs in some comparative form. 42 The clear explanation about comparative reference devices of general comparison and particular comparison could be seen in this figure: 43 These are the examples of general comparison and particular comparison: 40 Ibid., p. 74. 41 Ibid., p. 37. 42 Ibid., p. 77. 43 Ibid., p. 76. General comparison: They were two different things. The word different in that sentence means different to each other. Particular comparison: He is a better man than I am. The sentence is comparison of quality, with an Epithet as comparative, and I as a reference.

b. Substitution

Another kind of grammatical cohesion is substitution. Substitution is used when a writer wishes to avoid the repetition of a lexical item, so the lexical item will be replaced with the other word. Besides substitution as the replacement of one item by another, it is also a relation in the wording rather than meaning within a text. In substitution, there is a substitute which is used in place of the repetition of a particular item. 44 In English, the substitute may function as a noun, as a verb, or as a clause. Hence, there are three types of substitution: nominal substitution, verbal substitution, and clausal substitution. 45 1 Nominal Substitution one, ones, same Nominal substitution is substitution of nominal with an item that is appropriate with the nominal genus. It is commonly expressed with the substitute oneones singularplural and same. However, one is not only as a substitution but also as personal pronoun one , cardinal number one, determiner one, and general noun or pronoun one. 46 For example: “I shoot the hippopotamus with bullets made of platinum because if I use leaden ones, his hide is sure to flatten them.” 44 Ibid., p. 89. 45 Ibid., p. 90. 46 Ibid., p. 98. In the above example, the use of ones is a nominal substitution and it replaces bullets in bullets made of platinum. 2 Verbal Substitution do