form connections among parts of the text.
25
Based on the statement, cohesion is divided into two types: grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion.
Halliday and Hasan explain that grammatical cohesion is a semantic element connecting that marked by grammatical tools. Grammatical cohesion
devices are reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. Meanwhile, lexical cohesion is the cohesive effect achieved by the selection vocabulary.
26
Lexical cohesion refers to the rule played by the selective of vocabulary in organizing
relations within a text. Furthermore, Halliday and Matthiessen in their book argue that lexical cohesion operates within lexis and is achieved through the choice of
lexical items. Lexical cohesion is divided into two main categories: reiteration and collocation.
27
In conclusion, the grammatical cohesion refers to a combination of terms sentences that form grammatical aspect, and the lexical cohesion refers to a
combination of terms among sentences that form lexical component. Grammatical cohesion is divided into four kinds. They are reference, substitution, ellipsis, and
conjunction. While lexical cohesion is divided into two kinds; they are reiteration and collocation.
3. Grammatical Cohesion Devices
Halliday and Hassan as cited in Meyer’s book provide the basic categories of grammatical cohesion pointing into four categories and referring as
reference, substitution, ellipsis and conjunction.
28
These categories have a theoretical basis and specific types of grammatical cohesion which has also
provided a practical means for describing and analyzing a text.
25
Sanna-Kaisa Tanskanen, Collaborating towards Coherence: Lexical Cohesion in English Discourse
, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing, 2006, p. 13.
26
Halliday and Hasan, op. cit., p. 274.
27
M.A.K. Halliday and Christian Matthiessen, An Introduction to Functional Grammar. Third Edition, London: Arnold, 2004, p. 535.
28
Charles F.Meyer, Introducing English Linguistics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009, p. 102.
a. Reference
One of options which English grammar offers in creating surface links between sentences is reference.
29
Reference is the relation among elements of a text.
30
It may be established at varying distances and usually serves to relate single elements that have a function within the clause.
31
Reference is divided into three types which have different uses. They are personal reference, demonstrative
reference, and comparative reference.
1 Personal Reference
Personal reference is a reference by means of function in the speech situation, through the category of person. The category of personal reference
includes personal pronouns, possessive determiners possessive adjective, and possessive pronouns.
32
The complete explanation could be seen in the table below:
33
For more deep explanation, the writer gives the examples of personal
reference, as follows: Personal pronoun:
Three blind mice, three blind mice. See how they run See how they run
29
Halliday and Matthiessen, op. cit., p. 534.
30
Halliday and Hassan, op. cit., p. 308.
31
Halliday and Matthiessen, op. cit,. p. 536.
32
Halliday and Hasan, op. cit., p. 43.
33
M.A.K. Halliday, An Introduction to Functional Grammar, Great Britain: Edward Arnold, Ltd., 1985, p. 295.
