Mapping C
GRAMMATICA COHESION
Figu Concept of
AL
ure 2.3 Grammati
Reference
Substitution
Ellipsis
Conjunction
ical Cohesi
R De
R Co
R
Su
Su
Su Nom
Ve
Cla
A
T
‘co
ion
Personal Reference
monstrative Reference
omparative Reference
Nominal ubstitution
Verbal ubstitution
Clausal ubstitution
minal Ellipsis
erbal Ellipsis
ausal Ellipsis
Additive
Adversative
Causal
Temporal Other
ontinuative’
35
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter is going to explain how the writer conducts the study. It covers four main parts. They are method of the study, source of data, technique of
the data collecting, and technique of the data analysis.
A. Mesthod of the Study
In this study, the writer uses descriptive qualitative method by analyzing narrative passages of textbook “Bright 2” published by Erlangga. This textbook is
an English textbook used by eighth grade students of SMP Pelita 2 Depok. She analyzes all kinds of grammatical cohesion found within the six narrative
passages in the textbook which included reference, substitution, ellipsis, and
conjunction . What the writer does is grouping the kinds of grammatical cohesion
found based on Halliday and Hasan’ theory, describing those findings, and concluding the result.
B. Source of Data
The writer takes data from the narrative passages within the textbook entitled “Bright 2” published by Erlangga and used at SMP Pelita 2 Depok.
C. Technique of the Data Collecting
In collecting data of the study, the writer does several steps. The steps are as follows:
1. Selecting the Textbook. In this study, the writer chooses the textbook
entitled “Bright 2” published by Erlangga. The book is used by eight grade students of Pelita 2 Depok Junior High School. She uses this textbook as her
study object since this textbook uses the current curriculum which is 2013 Curriculum, Character Curriculum. The writer wants to know how the
curriculum is implemented in the one of language learning media, textbook.
2. Selecting the Passages. Selected passages in this study are all the narrative
passages in the “Bright 2” textbook which are used as reading skill exercises. In this textbook, there are six selected passages as a unit of
analysis in this study. These are the selected narrative passages:
i. The Ant and the Dove. ii. The Monkey and the Crocodile.
iii. Two goats. iv. Why are Cicadas Silent in Winter?
v. Sura and Baya. vi. Lonely Landy.
D. Technique of the Data Analysis
The narrative passages of the English textbook are analyzed using document analysis and the analyzing steps are as below:
1. Dividing and numbering each passage into sentences. Each passage is
divided into sentences and numbered to find grammatical cohesion items within those sentences. For example:
1
One hot day, an ant was searching for some water.|
2
After walking around for some time, she came to a spring.|
3
To reach the spring she had to climb up blade of grass.|
4
While making her way up, she slipped and fell into the water.|
2. Identifying and underlining every cohesive item found within the sentences. In this step, every cohesive item found are underlined. For
example:
1
One hot day, an ant was searching for some water.|
2
After walking around for some time, she came to a spring.|
The underlined words are items of grammatical cohesion. In the first sentence there is one cohesive item. It is included as conjunction. While, in
the second sentence there are two cohesive items. They are belonging to
reference and conjunction.
3. Coding every cohesive item found based on hallidayhasan coding scheme table. Table of grammatical cohesion from the above example
passage is presented below:
Table 3.1 The Example Table
Sentence Number
Number of
Devices Cohesive Items
Reference Substitution Ellipsis
Conjunction Items Type Items Type Items Type
Items Type
1 1
- -
- -
- - One hot day C441
2 2
She R12 -
- -
- After
C411 ∑
1 2
4. Counting the number of cohesive items which have been coded in
percentages. The purpose of this step is to find what kind of grammatical cohesion mostly existed in a passage and to count each kind of grammatical
cohesion found into percentages using a simple formula explained by Anas Sudiyono:
1
P F
N X Notes:
P = the percentage of a kind of grammatical cohesion existed in a passage. F = the number of each type of grammatical cohesion existed in a passage.
N = the total number of grammatical cohesion items found in a passage.
5. Describing the result. The table of grammatical cohesion for each passage
will be explained in this step.
6. Concluding. The last step is making a conclusion from the result of the data
analysis.
1
Anas Sudiyono, Pengantar Statistik Pendidikan, Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada, 2008, p. 43.
