THE CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS IN ENGLIH AND BAHASA INDONESIA

CHAPTER III THE CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS IN ENGLIH AND BAHASA INDONESIA

In a sentence, a verb is explains about what that sentence is says about the subject. It express the action such as run, eat, talk, and etc, state of being or relation between two things Manurung, 2007:26. In this chapter I will discuss about the classification of verbs in English and Bahasa Indonesia.

3. 1 The Classification of Verbs in English

In English, if subject tells us about what the sentence about, than a verb explains what that sentence says about the subject. Based on Langan 2003:21, to identify a verb, there are two ways. They are: 1. Try to putting a pronoun such as I, you, he, she, it, or they in front of it. If the word is a verb, the resulting sentence will make sense. 2. Look at what the verb tells us. Most verbs show action and few, however, link the subject to something that is said about the subject. For example : a. The boy kicks the ball. Here, the subject is the boy, because this sentence is telling us about the boy, and the verb is kicks, because kicks is telling us about what is done by the subject. b. She is beautiful Here, the subject is she, while the verb is is, because is is joining the subject to something that is said about the subject, that is beautiful. This type of verb is called linking verb. Universitas Sumatera Utara

3. 1. 1 Types of Verbs in English

The types of English verbs can be classified based on the object, based on the subject, and based on the form House, 1950: 94.

3.1.1.1 Based on the object

Based on the object, there are 3 types of verbs in English. They are transitive verbs, intransitive verbs, and phrasal verbs.

1. Transitive verbs

Transitive verbs are verbs that have an object attached. For example : The boy eats cake. The verb eats has an object, that is cake.

2. Intransitive verbs

Intransitive verbs are verbs that have no object attached. For example : My brother sleeps in the bedroom. Here, the verb sleeps does not has an object, while in the bedroom is a compliment, not an object of sleeps.

3. Phrasal verbs.

Based on House 1995 Phrasal verbs are verbs that consist of two, or sometimes three, words. The first word is a verb and it is followed by an adverb or a preposition or both. These adverbs or prepositions are sometimes called particles. Phrasal verbs can be transitive or intransitive. For example: He suddenly showed you. intransitive phrasal verb I made up a story. transitive phrasal verb Universitas Sumatera Utara

3.1.1.2 Based on the Subject

Based on the object, there are 2 types of verbs in English. They are linking verbs and modals, and modal auxiliary verbs. 1. Linking verbs Linking verbs are verbs that connect or join the subject to something is said about the subject. A linking verb does not has an object, and usually follows by an adjective or a noun. If a linking verb is follows by a noun, then it is called as predicate noun, and if it is follows by an adjective, then it is called as a predicate adjective. For example : She is a university student She is the subject and is is a linking verb, and because the linking verb is follows by a noun, then it is calls a predicate noun. He is weak He is the subject and is is a linking verb. Because the linking verb is follow by an adjective then it is calls a predicate adjective.

2. Modals

The auxiliary consists of to be, to have, and to do. It combines with present and past participle or with infinitives to form the tenses of ordinary verbs. The example is they were singing at the living room. The auxiliary were helps to form past continuous tense. Another words that included as auxiliary are: am, is, are, do, does, have, has. Universitas Sumatera Utara

3. Modal Auxiliary

Modal helps to make special semantic compounds, such as permission, possibility, obligation and ability. The example is you may go when you have finished. The modal may helps to make permission. Another words that included as modal auxiliary are : shall, will, can, may, must should, would, could, might, and ought.

3.1.1.3 Based on the form

Based on the form, the verbs in English, divided into 2 types. They are regular and irregular verbs.

1. Regular verbs

Regular verbs are verbs that may be formed by adding –s to original verb or –es in the present tense when the subject is he, she, it, or anyone person or thing, –d or – ed in the past tense and past participle, -ing in the present participle Langan 2003: 164. So, there are four parts in regular verbs. They are present tense infinitive, past tense, past participle and present participle. For examples: Present Infinitive Past Past Participle Present Participle Answer Answered Aswered Answering Brush Brushed Brushed Brushing Carry Carried Carried Carrying Fill Filled Filled Filling Universitas Sumatera Utara

2. Irregular verbs

Irregular verbs are verbs that has no any rules in the in the form of past and past participle. Present Infinitive Past Past Participle Present Participle Become Became Become Becoming Begin Began Begun Beginning Catch Caught Caught Catching Eat Ate Eaten Eating

3. 2 The Classification of Verbs in Bahasa Indonesia.

In Bahasa Indonesia, verbs are words that tell about the action do, process or state Soenjono, 1997:76. Verbs in bahasa Indonesia can be classified into four. They are based on the form, the argument, the relationship between verb and noun and the interaction between nouns Kridalaksana, 1990: 49. While based on the semantics meaning, verbs in Bahasa Indonesia can be classified into twelve types Tampubolon,dkk, in Muslich, 2008:127.

3.2.1 Types of Verbs in Bahasa Indonesia 3. 2.1.1 Based on the object

Verbs in bahasa Indonesia are also divided into two by the object. They are verba intransitif intransitive verb and verba transitif transitive verb. Universitas Sumatera Utara Verba transitif transitive verb is verb that must be followed by an object. Verba transitif transitive verb divided into three. They are monotransitive verb, bitransitive verb and ditransitive verb. Monotransitive verb is verb that has one object. The example is Bapak membelikan minuman. The example has minuman as object. Bitransitive verb is verb that has two objects. The example is Bapak membelikan saya minuman. This santance has saya and minuman as object. Ditransitive verb is a verb that the object does not appear. The example is saya sedang memasak Verba intransitif intransitive verb is verb that does not need object. The example is aku semalam air. The example does not appear the object. Air water should be appeared. pergi

3. 2 .1.2 Based on the Relationship between Verb and Noun

karaoke bawa tamu. The word pergi is the verb that does not need object. It means that with or without object, the word pergi can be used as a verb. Verbs in bahasa Indonesia are divided into four by the relationship between verb and noun. They are verba aktif active verb, verba pasif passive verb, verba anti aktif anti- active verb, and verba anti pasif anti-passive verb. Verba aktif active verb is a verb that has a subject as the doer of action. It is usually begun by prefix me-, ber-, or without prefix. The example is Andi memukul bola. In the example, Andi is the subject that does the action. Verba pasif passive verb is a verb that has a subject as the aimed action. It is usually begun by pefix di- and ter-. The example is Bola dipukul Andi. In the example, Bola is the aimed action. An active verb can be changed into passive verb and it happened in contrary. It can be done by changing the position of subject and by changing the affixes. Verba anti aktif anti-active verb is passive verb that cannot be changed into active verb. The example is Saya menanak nasi. The example does not come from Nasi menanak saya. So, the passive cannot be changed into active. Universitas Sumatera Utara Verba anti pasif anti-passive verb is active verb that cannot be changed into passive verb. The example is Saya terjatuh dari tangga. The example cannot be changed into Tangga terjatuh dari saya.

3. 2 .1.3 Based on the Form

Based on the form, verbs in Bahasa Indonesia are divided into two. They are verba dasar base verb and verba turunan derivative verb. Verba dasar base verb is verb that is built from free morpheme. The examples are lari run, tidur sleep, tekan push, etc. Verba turunan derivative verb is verb that has some processes. The verb gets affixation, reduplication, or combining process. For example: mendarat consist of a free morphem darat and affix meN- , jalan-jalan the base form -free morphem- jalan is reduplicated, berlari-larithe base form – a free morphem - lari is reduplicated and then added by prefix ber-. There are twenty affixes can be added to the word to build the derivative verbs. They are prefix me-, ber-, per-, ter-, ke-, simulfix N-, suffix –in, confix ber-an, ber-kan, ke-an, affix combination me-i, di-i, me-kan, memper-, diper-, memper-kan, diper-kan, N-in, per-kan, and per-i. 1. Prefix me- Prefix me- has twenty different meanings if it is added to a word. They are: 1.1 me- Change : V to V tr Meaning : Do something Example : Rudi memakan buah dengan lahap. 1.2 me- Universitas Sumatera Utara Change : V to V intr Meaning : Do something Example : Budi menyanyi dengan merdu. 1.3 me- Change : N to V tr Meaning : Use Example : Nelayan menjaring ikan di laut. 1.4 me- Change : N to V intr Meaning : Live as or live in Example : Jeni telah menjanda selama dua tahun. 1.5 me- Change : N to V tr Meaning : Make Example : Ibu menumis kangkung hari ini. 1.6 me- Change : N to V intr Meaning : Make a sound Example : Anjingnya menggonggong setiap malam. 1.7 me- Change : N to V tr Meaning : Go to Example : Nelayan melaut untuk menangkap ikan. 1.8 me- Universitas Sumatera Utara Change : N to V intr Meaning : Look for or collect Example : Setiap hari penduduk desa Mekar Sari merotan di hutan. 1.9 me- Change : N to V intr Meaning : Like Example : Anak kecil yang mungil itu selalu membeo. 1.10 me- Change : N to V intr Meaning : Become Example : Lumpur itu membatu. 1.11 me- Change : N to V tr Meaning : Add Example : Pak Amat mengecat rumahnya. 1.12 me- Change : A to V intr Meaning : Become Example : Wajahnya memucat mendengar kebenaran itu. 1.13 me- Change : Adv to V intr Meaning : Become Example : Tuangkan secukupnya, jangan sampai melebih. 1.14 me- Change : Num to V Universitas Sumatera Utara Meaning : Become Example : Hati kedua insan itu sudah menyatu. 1.15 me- Change : Pron to V Meaning : Say Example : Setelah didesak akhirnya ia mengaku juga. 1.16 me- Change : Interjection to V Meaning : Say Example : Pencuri itu mengaduh kesakitan. 1.17 me- Change : FN to V Meaning : Hold Example : Rumahku kembali sepi usai meniga hari kematian nenek. 1.18 me- Change : Interrogative to V Meaning : Do something Example : Mengapa kamu lakukan hal memalukan itu? 1.19 me- Change : N to V Meaning : Do something Example : Merokok tidak baik untuk kesehatan. 1.20 me- Change : N to V Meaning : Situation Universitas Sumatera Utara Example :Mengapa sejak tadi kamu melamun saja. 2. Prefix ber- Prefix ber- has nineteen different meanings if it is added to a word. They are: 2.1 ber- Change : V to V Meaning : Doing something Example : Berpikir itu pelita hati. 2.2 ber- Change : N to V Meaning : Try as the work Example : Orang tuanya hidup bersawah di desa.. 2.3 ber- Change : N to V Meaning : Called Example : Saya beradik padanya karena hubungan kami yang akrab. 2.4 ber- Change : N to V Meaning : Produce Example : Seekor ayam betina bertelur sebutir sehari. 2.5 ber- Change : A to V tr Meaning : Produce Example : Ia beruntung dalam menjual barang-barang antik. 2.6 ber- Change : N to V Universitas Sumatera Utara Meaning : In situation Example : Ia bersemangat sekali memperoleh kemenangan. 2.7 ber- Change : N to V Meaning : Like Example : Ia terpaksa berkuli di pelabuhan. 2.8 ber- Change : V to V Meaning : Passive Example : Batu bertulis ditemukan di kota Bogor. 2.9 ber- Change : V to V Meaning : Reflective Example : Ia berhias begitu lama di depan cermin. 2.10 ber- Change : N to V Meaning : Reflective Example : Tuti hanya bercermin saja setiap hari. 2.11 ber- Change : N to V Meaning : Asking for a help Example : Lelaki itu berguru pada seorang kakek tua. 2.12 ber- Change : N to V Meaning : Look for or collect Universitas Sumatera Utara Example : Mereka berotan di hutan itu selama sepuluh tahun. 2.13 ber- Change : Num to V Meaning : Become Example : Kita harus bersatu mengalahkan mereka. 2.14 ber- Change : N to V Meaning : Use Example : Anak-anak itu bersepatu baru pada saat Tahun Baru. 2.15 ber- Change : N to V Meaning : Has Example : Laki-laki tua itu beristri tiga orang. 2.16 ber- Change : N to V Meaning : Ride Example : Ia pulang kampung berkereta api saat Lebaran. 2.17 ber- Change : FN to V Meaning : Try as the work Example : Orang yang berkedai nasi itu tiba-tiba menjadi jutawan. 2.18 ber- Change : FV to V Meaning : Profession or hobby Example : Setiap sore mereka bermain bola di lapangan. Universitas Sumatera Utara 2.19 ber- Change : A to V Meaning : In situation Example : Mereka bergembira karena memenangkan undian. Prefx ber- has the similar meaning with prefix ke- in the words ketemu and ketawa. Both of them used in the variety of non standard bahasa Indonesia. 3. Prefix per- Prefix per- has four different meanings if it is added to the word. They are: 3.1 per- Change : N to V Meaning : Make something to be Example : Jangan perbudak orang-orang miskin itu 3.2 per- Change : N to V Meaning : Consider as Example : Peradiklah anak yatim itu. 3.3 per- Change : Num to V Meaning : Divide Example : Perdualah kue itu 3.4 per- Change : A to V Meaning : Make something more Example : Perbagus tulisanmu agar mudah dibaca. 4. Prefix ter- Universitas Sumatera Utara Prefix ter- has nine different meanings if it is added to the word. They are: 4.1 ter- Change : V to V Meaning : Perfective Example : Kangkung itu terikat jadi satu. 4.2 ter- Change : V to V Meaning : Spontaneous Example : Ia tertawa terbahak-bahak hingga jatuh terduduk. 4.3 ter- Change : N to V Meaning : Spontaneous Example : Ia terpesona melihat kecantikan gadis itu. 4.4 ter- Change : Adv to V Meaning : Spontaneous Example : Jika ia terlengah sedikit saja maka uang itu akan hilang. 4.5 ter- Change : V to V Meaning : Can Ability Example : Beban yang berat itu akhirnya terangkat juga. 4.6 ter- Change : N to V Meaning : Show direction Example : Rematik yang telah menahun itu kini tertulang rasanya. Universitas Sumatera Utara 4.7 ter- Change : V to V Meaning : Suffer Example : Hidupnya sangat tertekan selama berada di penjara. 4.8 ter- Change : D bound morpheme to V Meaning : Continuative Example : Benda itu terapung di air. 4.9 ter- Change : V to V Meaning : Unintentionally Example : Bukuku terbawa olehnya. Prefix ter- has the same meaning with prefix ke- which used in the variety of non standard bahasa Indonesia. For example ‘mereka tertawa’ has the same meaning with ‘mereka ketawa’. 5. Prefix ke- Prefix ke- has two different meanings if it is added to the word. They are: 5.1 ke- Change : V to V Meaning : Spontaneous Example : Jangan ketawa terlalu keras di ruangan ini. 5.2 ke- Change : V to V Meaning : Can Ability Example : Surat itu kebaca oleh anak kecil ini. Universitas Sumatera Utara Prefix ke- only used in the variety of non standard bahasa Indonesia. 6. Simulfix N- Simulfix N- has ten different meanings if it is added to the word. They are: 6.1 N- Change : N to V Meaning : Do enjoyable thing Example : Dingin-dingin begini enaknya ngopi. 6.2 N- Change : N to V Meaning : Make Example : Ibu lagi nyambel di dapur. 6.3 N- Change : N to V Meaning : Do something Example : Jadi orang jangan suka nguping. 6.4 N- Change : N to V Meaning : Make a sound Example : Kenapa sih anjing itu ngonggong saja?. 6.5 N- Change : N to V Meaning : Do something metaphor Example : Ngebut itu berarti maut. 6.6 N- Universitas Sumatera Utara Change : V to V Meaning : Do something Example : Dia sering nyontek saat ulangan. 6.7 N- Change : A to V Meaning : Act Example : Memang dia orangnya suka nyentrik. 6.8 N- Change : A to V Meaning : Make Example : Hobinya ngerusak barang orang lain. 6.9 N- Change : A to V Meaning : Feel Example : Ngiri saja sama kesuksesan orang lain. 6.10 N- Change : N to V Meaning : In situation Example : Kerjamu hanya ngelamun saja Simulfix N- only used in the variety of non standard bahasa Indonesia and for some native it is only for passive vocabulary. 7. Suffix -in Suffix -in has eleven different meanings if it is added to the word. They are: 7.1 -in Change : V to V Universitas Sumatera Utara Meaning : Do something for someone benefactive Example : Bacain saya surat kakak untuk kamu kemarin. 7.2 -in Change : N to V Meaning : Do something for someone benefactive Example : Doain agar saya lulus ujian semester ini. 7.3 -in Change : A to V Meaning : Mark the object Example : Jagain anakku sebentar. 7.4 -in Change : A to V Meaning : Make Example : Kerasin sekrup ini agar tidak lepas. 7.5 -in Change : Num to V Meaning : Make Example : Satuin buku-buku yang berserakan di lantai. 7.6 -in Change : Adv to V Meaning : Make Example : Lebihin uang sakuku untuk minggu ini. 7.7 -in Change : Interrogative to V Meaning : Make Universitas Sumatera Utara Example : Kamu apain semua barang-barangku? 7.8 -in Change : Dem to V Meaning : Made Example : Ituin saja supaya dia kewalahan. 7.9 -in Change : A to V Meaning : Do something for someone benefactive Example : Bapak guru sedang ngabsenin murid-murid. 7.10 -in Change : N to V Meaning : Make Example : Tono macarin anak Pak Haji. 7.11 -in Change : F. Prep to V Meaning : Direct to Example : Tolong kedepanin kertas ulangan itu. The meaning of suffix –in is the same with the meaning of suffix –i and –kan in the variety of standard bahasa Indonesia. 8. Confix ber-kan Confix ber-kan only has one meaning if it is added to the word. It will change the noun to the verb and has the meaning to specify the verb. For example is ‘Negara Indonesia adalah Negara berasaskan Pancasila’. 9. Confix ber-an Confix ber-an has two different meanings if it is added to the word. They are: Universitas Sumatera Utara 9.1 ber-an Change : V to V Meaning : Reciprocal Example : Remaja itu berciuman di tengah taman. 9.2 ber-an Change : V to V Meaning : Plurality Example : Banyak orang berlarian menyelamatkan diri saat gempa. 10 Confix ke-an Confix ke-an has three different meanings if it is added to the word. They are: 10.1. ke-an Change : V to V Meaning : Suffer Affective Example : Ia kehilangan kunci rumahnya. 10.2 ke-an Change : N to V Meaning : Suffer Affective Example : Anak itu sakit karena kehujanan. 10.3 ke-an Change : V intr to V passive Meaning : Unintentionally Example : Akhirnya ketahuan juga siapa pencuri sebenarnya. 11. Affix combination me-i Affix combination me-i has twelve different meanings if it is added to the word. They are: Universitas Sumatera Utara 11.1 me-i Change : V to V Meaning : Repetitive Example : Pak Jayus sedang memotongi rumput di rumahku. 11.2 me-i Change : N to V Meaning : Consider as Example : Ia merajai pertandingan itu. 11.3 me-i Change : N to V Meaning : Cause of something Example : Ia melukai hatiku. 11.4 me-i Change : N to V intr Meaning : Act to Example : Banyak murid tidak menaati peraturan sekolah. 11.5 me-i Change : Adv to V Meaning : Make a situation Example : Gedung itu tingginya melebihi tugu Monas. 11.6 me-i Change : Pron to V Meaning : Act to Example : Akhirnya anak itu mengakui kesalahannya juga. Universitas Sumatera Utara 11.7 me-i Change : A to V Meaning : Make a situation Example : Ia selalu berusaha mengungguliku tapi selalu gagal. 11.8 me-i Change : N to V Meaning : Do something intensively Example : Kita harus mulai mencintai diri sendiri. 11.9 me-i Change : A to V Meaning : Cause of something Example : Jangan menyakiti hati kedua orang tuamu. 11.10 me-i Change : V to V Meaning : Do something in Locative Example : Jangan meniduri ranjangku. 11.11 me-i Change : A to V Meaning : Do something intensively Example : Anak kecil itu membasahi bajunya dengan air sabun. 11.12 me-i Change : N to V Meaning : Continuative Example : Maukah kamu menemaniku berbelanja. 12. Affix combination di-i Universitas Sumatera Utara The meaning of affix combination di-i is the same with the meaning of affix combination me-i. The difference is the affix combination di-i generally used in passive. 13. Affix combination me-kan Affix combination me-kan has fourteen different meanings if it is added to the word. They are: 13.1 me-kan Change : V to V Meaning : Causative Example : Pilot itu menerbangkan pesawat model mutakhir. 13.2 me-kan Change : F. Prep to V Meaning : Direct to Causative Example : Setiap peserta berhak mengemukakan pendapatnya. 13.3 me-kan Change : N to V Meaning : Causative Example : Ia merajakan laki-laki tampan itu. 13.4 me-kan Change : A to V Meaning : Make something to be Causative Example : Adikku menghitamkan warna gambarnya. 13.5 me-kan Change : Adv to V Meaning : Make something to be Causative Universitas Sumatera Utara Example : Ibu melebihkan masakan hari ini karena ada tamu. 13.6 me-kan Change : Num to V Meaning : Make something to be Causative Example : Kami berusaha menyatukan pendapat kami. 13.7 me-kan Change : V to V Meaning : Do something for someone Benefactive Example : Setiap pagi ibu membuatkan kopi untuk ayah. 13.8 me-kan Change : N to V Meaning : Benefactive Example : Saya dilarang mengatakan apapun pada orang lain. 13.9 me-kan Change : V to V Meaning : Do something with tool Example : Tanpa sadar ia menikamkan kerisnya pada tubuh lawan. 13.10 me-kan Change : V to V Meaning : Do something intensively Example : Salah satu kegemarannya adalah mendengarkan radio. 13.11 me-kan Change : N to V Meaning : Produce Example : Penyanyi itu telah menelurkan dua buah album. Universitas Sumatera Utara 13.12 me-kan Change : N to V Meaning : Put into Example : Jangan memenjarakan orang-orang yang tidak bersalah. 13.13 me-kan Change : Pron to V Meaning : Produce Example : Ia selalu mengiakan segala pendapat siapa pun. 13.14 me-kan Change : Interrogative to V Meaning : Do something Example : Mereka mengapakan dia? 14. Affix combination memper- Affix combination memper- has two different meanings if it is added to the word. They are: 14.1 memper- Change : N to V Meaning : Make Example : Pak Hasan memperistri putri keturunan raja . 14.2 memper- Change : A to V Meaning : Make something more Example : Saya diberi tugas memperindah lukisan ini. 15. Affix combination diper- Universitas Sumatera Utara Affix combination diper- has the same meaning with affix combination memper-. The difference is its usage in passive generally. 16. Affix combination memper-kan Affix combination memper-kan has nine different meanings if it is added to the word. They are: 16.1 memper-kan Change : N to V Meaning : Make Example : Kita tidak perlu mempermasalahkan hal sepele seperti ini. 16.2 memper-kan Change : V to V Meaning : Make Example : Ia sedang memperdengarkan suara merdunya itu. 16.3 memper-kan Change : A to V Meaning : Make something to be Example : Sita bermaksud mempermalukan Nadya. 16.4 memper-kan Change : Num to V Meaning : Make something to be Example : Nanda berhasil mempersatukan kedua orang tuanya lagi.. 16.5 memper-kan Change : N to V Meaning : Make Universitas Sumatera Utara Example : Bintang film itu mempersuamikan pemuda dari desa. 16.6 memper-kan Change : N to V Meaning : Make something as device Example : Memperdagangkan narkotika adalah perbuatan kriminal. 16.7 memper-kan Change : N to V Meaning : Do something Example : Ia memperlakukan saya seperti anaknya sendiri. 16.8 memper-kan Change : V to V Meaning : Make something to be Example : Mengapa kamu sering mempermainkan orang itu? 16.9 memper-kan Change : Adv to V Meaning : Make something to be Example : Petugas itu memperbolehkan saya merokok di sini. 17. Affix combination diper-kan Affix combination diper-kan has the same meaning with affix combination memper- kan. The difference is its ussge in passive generally. 18. Affix combination N-in Affix combination N-in has five different meanings if it is added to the word. They are: 18.1 N-in Change : N to V Universitas Sumatera Utara Meaning : Make a situation Example : Dia ngeduluin teman-temannya. 18.2 N-in Change : V to V Meaning : Do something intensively Example : Kalau kamu ragu nyobain saja dulu. 18.3 N-in Change : V to V Meaning : Do something intensively Example : Adik ngerasain sakitnya disuntik. 18.4 N-in Change : A to V Meaning : Do something intensively Example : Jangan nyakitin hatinya. 18.5 N-in Change : Interrogative to V Meaning : Do something Example : Ngapain kamu di sini? 19. Affix combination per-kan Affix combination per-kan has two different meanings if it is added to the word. They are: 19.1 per-kan Change : N to V tr Meaning : Make Example : Persuamikan laki-laki yang jujur dan setia itu. Universitas Sumatera Utara 19.2 per-kan Change : V to V intr Meaning : Show Example : Coba perlihatkan pada saya berlian yang baru kamu beli. 20. Affix combination per-i Affix combination per-i only has one meaning if it is added to the word. It will change the adjective to the verb and has the meaning to make something to be causative. The example is ‘Tolong perbaiki jawaban yang salah’. There are three kinds of reduplication in Bahasa Indonesia which build the derivative verbs. They are the reduplication from verb to verb which has the meaning ‘intensively’, from verb to verb which has the meaning ‘deintensively’ and from noun to verb which has the meaning ‘iteratively’. The example of the first is ‘Sebaiknya beres-beres dari sekarang’. The example of the second is ‘Jangan bawa-bawa nama saya dalam perkara ini’. The example of the third is ‘Kami cuma keliling-keliling di kebun teh’. There are nine combination processes to build the derivative verbs. They are combination process of me- + R, R is stand for reduplication, di- + R, ber- + R, ter- + R, R + -an, R + -me, me- + R + -kan, di- + R + -kan and ber- + R + -an. 1. Combination process of me- + R Combination process of me- + R has three different meanings if it is added to the word. They are: 1.1 me- + R Change : V to V Meaning : Intensively Example : Jangan mengada-ada kalau bercerita. Universitas Sumatera Utara 1.2 me- + R Change : Adv to V Meaning : Deintensively Example : Kalau ada yang menanya harga rumahnya, ia akan mengagak-agak harganya. 1.3 me- + R Change : N to V Meaning : Iteratively Example : Perkataan wanita itu mencakar-cakar hati pendengarnya. 2. Combination process of di- + R Combination process of di- + R has two different meanings if it is added to the word. They are: 2.1 di- + R Change : V to V Meaning : Intensively Example : Jangan diangkat-angkat lagi permasalahan itu. 2.2 di- + R Change : N to V Meaning : Iteratively Example : Lukisan itu sudah digunting-gunting oleh pelukisnya sendiri. 3. Combination process of ber- + R Combination process of ber- + R has four different meanings if it is added to the word. They are: 3.1 ber- + R Change : Adv to V Universitas Sumatera Utara Meaning : Intensively Example : Ia beragak-agak mengenai kebenaran peristiwa itu. 3.2 ber- + R Change : V to V Meaning : Iteratively Example : Tempat tinggal pria itu berpindah-pindah. 3.3 ber- + R Change : A to V Meaning : Iteratively Example : Helikopter itu berpusing-pusing di atas stadium Teladan. 3.4 ber- + R Change : N to V Meaning : Iteratively Example : Jangan berbisik-bisik dalam rapat ini. 4. Combination process of ter- + R Combination process of ter- + R has three different meanings if it is added to the word. They are: 4.1 ter- + R Change : V to V Meaning : Iteratively Example : Mainan adik rusak karena terbanting-banting. 4.2 ter- + R Change : N to V Meaning : Iteratively Example : Ina tertawa-tawa setelah mendengar lelucon pria itu. Universitas Sumatera Utara 4.3 ter- + R Change : A to V Meaning : Deintensively Example : Pria itu tergila-gila dengan masakan kekasihnya. 5. Combination process of R- + an Combination process of R- + an has two different meanings if it is added to the word. They are: 5.1 R + -an Change : V to V Meaning : Reciprocal Example : Kedua kakak beradik itu sering bermain cubit-cubitan. 5.2 R + -an Change : V to V Meaning : Deintensively Example : Anto suka tidur-tiduran sambil nonton televisi. 6. Combination process of R + me- Combination process of R + me- only has one meaning if it is added to the word. The meaning is reciprocal with the example ‘Pada hari Raya Idul Fitri semua orang maaf- memaafkan’. 7. Combination process of me- + R + -kan Combination process of me- + R + -kan only has one meaning if it is added to the word. The meaning is iteratively with the example ‘Jangan mengharap-harapkan impian yang muluk itu menjadi kenyataan’. 8. Combination process of di- + R + -kan Universitas Sumatera Utara Combination process of di- + R + -kan only has one meaning if it is added to the word. The meaning is iteratively with the example ‘Cerita itu hanya diada-adakan’. 9. Combination process of ber- + R + -an Combination process of ber- + R + -an has two different meanings if it is added to the word. They are: 9.1 ber- + R + -an Change : N to V Meaning : Reciprocal and intensively Example : Banyak pasangan bercinta-cintaan di taman pada hari sabtu malam. 9.2 ber- + R + -an Change : V to V Meaning : Reciprocal and intensively Example : Andi dan Rio bersalam-salaman di depan guru.

3. 2 .4 Based on the Interaction between Nouns

Verbs in bahasa Indonesia are divided into two parts by the interaction between nouns. They are verba resiprokal reciprocal verb and verba non-resiprokal non-reciprocal verb. Verba resiprokal reciprocal verb is a verb that is done by two actors and they reciprocate each other. The example is berpelukan, while verba non-resiprokal non- reciprocal verb is the opposite.

3. 2. 5 Based on The Semantic Meanings

Based on the semantic meanings, verbs in Bahasa Indonesia divided into twelve, they are: 1. Kata Kerja Keadaan verbs of condition. Such as : putih white, cerah bright. Universitas Sumatera Utara 2. Kata Kerja Keadaan-pengalaman verbs of condition-experience. Such as : takut fright, bahagia happy. 3. Kata Kerja Keadaan-benefaktif verbs of condition-benefactive. Such as : punya, ada. Dia ada uang 4. Kata Kerja Keadaan-Lokatif verbs of condition-location. Such as : ada, diam, hadir. Dia ada di sini 5. Kata Kerja proses verbs of process. Such as : layu, tumbuh, pecah. 6. Kata Kerja proses pengalaman verbs of process-experience. Such as: ingat, bimbang, cemas. 7. Kata Kerja proses benefaktif verbs of process-benefactive. Such as: menang, kalah, dapat. 8. Kata Kerja proses lokatif verbs of process-location. Such as: timbul, terbit, datang. 9. Kata Kerja aksi action verbs. Such as: minum, makan. 10. Kata Kerja aksi pengalaman verbs of action-experience. Such as: bilang, meyebut, menaksir. 11. Kata Kerja aksi-lokatif verbs of action-location. Such as: pergi ke, menuju, tiba dari. 12. Kata Kerja hipotesis hypnotically verbs. This type of verb divided into five, they are : a. Kata Kerja inkoatif inchoatives verbs. Such as: menguning, merekah, berlangsung. b. Kata Kerja kausatif causative verbs. Such as: membungkukkan, mempertinggi. c. Kata Kerja resultatif verbs of results. Such as: berbuki, berbuka. d. Kata Kerja inkorporasi incorporation verbs. Such as: membabu, memperistri, berusuami. Universitas Sumatera Utara e. Kata Kerja resiprokal reciprocals verbs. Such as: bersalaman, berciuman Universitas Sumatera Utara

CHAPTER IV METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH