Experential Meaning TRANSITIVITY REVIEW OF LITERATURE

message which has good formulation. Metafunctions of language consist of three major functional components, they are : The Ideational Function, The Interpersonal Function, and The Textual Function. 2.1.3.1 The Ideational Function The ideational function relates to the inner and outer worlds of reality, it is “language about something”. Whenever one reflects on the external world of phenomena or the internal world of one’s consciousness, the representation of that reflection would take the form of ‘content’. This form of content is called the experiential meaning.

i. Experential Meaning

Focusing the language on the clause level with respect to the notion of clause as representation. Clause as a representation means that one function of the clause is as representation of experience of both external realities i.e. reality outside oneself and internal reality reality inside oneself. The experiential or representational function of language clause is realized by the transitivity system of language. The outer world of reality that is brought into the inner world of reality in one’s consciousness, which is encoded in the transitivity system of language, is interpreted as a what-is- going-on process, which is related to material actions, events, states, and relations. The what-is-going-on process falls into various processes. Halliday has identified the encoding processes of the realities under discussion, and he has also linguistically grammatically classified the various process types : 1 material, 2 mental, 3 relational, and he classified other processes into three subsidiary process types : 1 behavioral, 2 verbal, and 3 existential. Universitas Sumatera Utara ii. Logical Function. The logical function is meaning which is in the semantics of functional relationships between the clauses that form the logic of natural language.

2.2 TRANSITIVITY

Transitivity system belongs to experiential metafunctions. Transitivity is normally understood as the grammatical feature which indicates if a verb takes a direct object.When we look at the experiential metafunctions, we are looking at the grammar of the clause as representation. It is called so because the clause in its experiential function is a way of representing pattern of experience. Through the system of transitivity, we can explore the clause in its aspects such is: When people talk about what a word or sentence means, it is kind of meaning they have in mind. Meaning in this sense is related to content or idea. So, here the clause that functions as the representation of processes explores by transitivity system. A fundamental property of language is that it enables human beings to build a mental picture of reality, to make sense of their experience of what goes on around them and inside them. The clause is the most significant grammatical unit, in this case because it is the clause that functions as the representation of processes. Transitivity analysis offers a description of one of the structural strands of the clause. Transitivity specifies the different types of process that are recognized in the language, and the structures by which they are expressed. Who = does = what = to = whom, when, where, why or how Universitas Sumatera Utara According to Halliday 1985: 101 There are three semantic categories which explain in general way about how phenomena of the real world are represented as linguistic structures. They are : • The process it self • Participants in the process • Circumstances associated with the process These provide the frame of reference for interpreting experience of what goes on. 2.2.1 Circumstances answer such question as when, where, why, how, how many and as what. Halliday 2004: 262 his classified into: Circumstances 1 Time temporal: tells when and is probed by when? How often? How long? Example: Faisal goes to her girl friend house every Saturday night. 2. Place spatial: tells where and is probed by where? How far? Example: Indra goes to her girl friend house every Saturday night. 3. Manner: tells how. Circumstance of Manner has divided to 3 kinds, they are: • Means: tells by what means and is probed by what with. Example: John goes by bicycle. • Quality: tells how and is probed by how? Example: Ryan loved her madly, deeply, truly • Comparison: tells like what and is probed by what like? Example: Pesta was jumping around like a monkey on a roof. 4. Cause: tells why. Cause has three kinds, they are: Universitas Sumatera Utara • Reason: tells what cause the Process and is probed by why? Or how? Example: the sheep died of thirst. • Purpose: tells the purpose and is probed by what for? Example: Stephanie went to market for new pencil. • Behalf: tells for whose sake and is probed for whom? Example: Sastri went to the market for his mother. 5. Accompaniment: tells without who or what and is probed by who or what else? Example: Rani left work without his briefcase. 6. Matter: tells about what or with reference to what and probed by what about? Example: This book is talking about functional grammar. 7. Role: tells what as and is probed by as what? Example: Silvi lived a quite life as a beekeeper. 8. Contingency : circumstances of contingency specify an element on which the actualization of the process depends. Contingency has three kinds, they are: • Conditional have to obtain in order for the process to be actualized; they have the sense of ‘it’. They are expressed by propositional phrases with complex preposition in case of, in the event of, on condition of. Example: Andi get back to the bedroom and change clothes in case of bloodstains. • Concession circumstantial construe frustrated cause, with the sense of ‘although’; they are expressed by prepositional phrases with the prepositions despite, in spite of, or regardless. Example: In spite of its beacon, many ships have been wrecked on this rocky coast. Universitas Sumatera Utara • Default circumstantial have the sense of negative condition- ‘if not, unless’; they are expressed by prepositional phrases with the complex prepositions in the absence of, in default. Example: In the absence of any prior agreement between the parties as to the rate of salvage payable, the amount is assessed, as a rule, by the Admiralty Court. 9. Angle is related either to i the Sayer of a ‘verbal’ clause, with the sense of ‘as…says’ or ii to the Senser of a ‘mental’ clause, with the sense of ‘as…thinks’. We can call type i ‘source’ since it is used to represent the source information. Example: According to the phlogistic theory, the part remaining after a substance was burned was simply the original substance deprived of phlogiston. We can call ii ‘viewpoint’ since it is used to represent the information given by the clause from somebody’s viewpoint, such as: to, in the viewopinion of, from the stand point of. Example: To Marry it seemed unlikely, they’re guilty in the eyes of the law. 2.2.2 Gerot and Wignel 1994: 54 processes are central of Transitivity. Participants and Circumstances are incumbent upon the doings, happenings, feeling, and beings. We use term process and participant in analyzing what is represent through the use of language. They center on the part of the clause which are realized by the verbal group. They are also regarded as what “goings-on” and suggest many Processes Universitas Sumatera Utara different kinds of goings-on which necessarily involve different kinds of participant in varying circumstances. While participants and circumstances are incumbent upon the doings, happenings feeling and beings. Processes can be subdivided into different types. There are six different process types identified by Halliday in Gerot and Wignel 1994 : 54, they are: 1. Material doing bodily, physically, materially 2. Mental sensing emotionally, intellectually, sensorilly 3. Relational being equal to, or some attribute of 4. Verbal saying lingually, signaling 5. Behavioral behaving physiologically and psychologically 6. Existential existing there exist Processes are realized by verbs. Traditional verbs have been defined as ‘doing words’. But as the above lists indicates, some verbs are not doing words at all, but rather express states of being or having. There are different orders of doings and beings. For example, to write a funny story, to tell a funny story, and to hear a funny story are three different orders of meaning. According the statement above, the examples: 1. Material Sammy went up the hill. 2. Mental Sammy realises the difficulties. 3. Behavioural Sammy snores loudly. 4.Verbal Sammy says ‘‘don’t eat a lot’’ 5. Relational Sammy is my favorite singer. 6.Existential There’s a rabbit in the garden. Universitas Sumatera Utara The tripartite interpretation of processes is what lies behind the grammatical distinction of word classes into verbs, nouns, and the rest, a pettern that in some form or other is probably universal among human languages. We can express this as Halliday 1985: 102: Type of element: Typically realized by: i. Process ii. Participant iii. Circumstance Verbal group Nominal group Adverbial group or prepositional phrase The concept of process, participant and circumstance are semantic categories which explain in the most general way how phenomena of the real world are represented as linguistic structures. In the following sections we shall explore the different types of process that are built in to the semantics of English, and the particular kinds of participant role that are systematically associated with each. 1. Material Processess Material processes are Processes of material doing. Halliday 1985: 103 material processes are processes of ‘doing’. They express the nation that some entity ‘does’ something—which may be done ‘to’ some other entity. So clauses with a Material Process obligatorily have a doing Process and a doer Participant. The lion run Participant process Pesta wrote a letter Participant Process Participant Universitas Sumatera Utara The entity who or which does something is called “the actor”. Halliday 1985: 102 says, “the actor is the’ logical Subject’ of older terminology, and means the one that does the deed. Example: The mouse ran up the clock. In the sentence, ‘the mouse’ is a subject or participant who does something. A logical element is a function in transitivity structure. The traditional view of transitivity in western linguistics is as follows. i. Every process has an Actor. ii. Some processes, but not all, also have a second participant, which we shall call GOAL. The goal is the entity which may be done to. Example: The lion run Participant Process An actor Pesta wrote a letter Participant Process Participant An Actor The Goal According to Halliday 1985: 104 There are two varieties of Material Processes, they are: Universitas Sumatera Utara • Creative type In the creative type, the Goal is brought about by the Process. Example: The leader Dissolved the commitee Actor Process: Material Goal Pesta Wrote a letter Actor Process: material Goal • Dispositive type In the dispositive type, we have doings and happenings. Example: His boss Dismissed Andi Actor Process: material Goal My father Resigned Actor Process: material Material Processes ‘take’ both the active voice and the passive. The active voice is a happening rather a doing: the probe is not what did actor do? But what happen to actor? The passive form is used, we can probe for an explicit actor—we can ask who by? Example:Active Voice Petter Sent the letter Actor Process: material Goal Universitas Sumatera Utara Passive Voice The letter was sent by Petter Goal Process: material Actor 2. Mental Processess Mental Processes is process of sensing. Gerot and Wignel 1994: 58 Mental Processes are ones of sensing such as: feeling, thinking, perceiving. Halliday 1985:111 Mental Processes, on the other hand, are processes of feeling, thinking and seeing. Mental Processes has three types, they are: a. Affective or reactive feeling b. Cognitive thinking c. Perceptive perceiving through the five senses. Gerot and Wignel 1994: 58 says, “Mental Processes are mental, convert kinds of goings-on.”Mental processes is diffferent from Material Processes ones in much as much the letter are physical, moving and overt doing. And the participant in Mental is not much acting or acting upon in a doing sense, as sensing – having feelings, perceiving or thinking. The participant roles in Mental Processes are: • Senser The senser is by definition a conscious being, for only those who are consious can feel, think and see. Universitas Sumatera Utara • Phenomenon The phenomenon is that which is sensed: felt, though or seen. Example: The clause with Senser and Phenomenon. Silvi likes banana Senser Mental: affect Phenomenon Senser only: The active and passive form in Mental Process: Active Passive 3. Behavioural Processes According to Halliday 1985 : 128 Behavioural Processes are Processes of physiological and psychological behovioural, like breathing, dreaming, smiling, laughing, etc. Indra doesn’t like doll Participant: Senser Process: Mental Participant: Phenomenon Novi understood Senser Mental: Cognitive Nerly likes banana Senser Mental: affect Phenomenon Banana is liked by Nerly Phenomenon Mental: Affect Senser Universitas Sumatera Utara There in one obligatory Participant: the Behaver. The Behaver is a conscious being but the Process is one of doing, not sensing. But sometimes involve a ‘behavior’. Example: Indra weeps for me Behaver Process: behavioural Circum: cause The lion roars loudly Behaver Process: behavioural Circum: manner 4. Verbal Processes Verbal Processes are processes of saying, or more accurately, of symbolically signaling. Halliday 1985: 129 Verbal Processes are processes of saying. A things which need not to be a conscious being signal source is called The Sayer. Gerot and Wignell 1994: 62 There are three participants in Verbal Processes, they are: • Receiver: the one to whom the verbalization isaddressed • Target: one acted upon verbally insulted, complimented, etc. • Range Verbiage: a name for the verbalization itself. Examples: Silvi Told Anna a rude joke Sayer Verbal Target Verbiage I am always praising Him Sayer Verbal Target Universitas Sumatera Utara 5. Relational Processes Relational processes are those of being. They can be classified according to whether they are being used to identify some thing or to assign a quality to something. In Relational Processes has three kinds, they are: • Identifying Processes Processes which establish an identity are called Identifying Processes. In Identifying Processes the Participant roles are Token and Value. Token = which stands for what is being defined. Value = which defined. • Attributive Processes Processes which assign a quality are called Attributive Processes.In Attributive the participant roles are Carrier and Attribute. Attribute is quality or epithet ascribed to the carrier X carriers the attribute and carrier X is a member of the class “a”. Example: Attributive Processes Identifying Processes Mian may be the best games player Token Identifying Value Ivo is a good games player Carrier Attributive Attribute Universitas Sumatera Utara There are three developments of the two sub type of relational process Halliday, 1985: 112: • Intensive x is a • Circumstantial x is at a • Possessive x has a Gerot and Wignel 1994: 68 show the option of relational process as the following: Examples: Cytoplasm Is sort of a jelly-like material Carrier Attributive: intensive Attribute Fish Have fish fin Carrier Attributive: possessive Attribute My home Is inside the city Carrier Attrib: circumstantial Attribute Atom is the nucleus of the cell Token Identifying: intensive Value Attributive: carrier, attribute Indentifying: token, value Relational Process Intensive Possessive Circumstantial Universitas Sumatera Utara All cells Contain cytoplasm Token Identifying: possessive Value Albumen Surrounds the yolk Token Identifying: circumstantial Value 6. Existential Processes Existential processes are processes of existence. Halliday 1985: 130 says, “Existential Processes are represent that something exist or happens.” ‘There’ has no representational function; it is required because of the need for a Subject in English. Existential processes are expressed by verbs of existing: ‘be’, ‘exist’, ‘arise’, and the Extent can be a phenomenon of any kind. If in an Existential clause containing a Circumstantial element the Circumstantial element is Thematic, the word ‘there’ may be omitted. Examples: There’s a baby dog in the yard Existential Existent Circumstance: place On the matinee jacket Was a blood-stain Circumstance: place Existential Existent On the wall There hangs a photo Circums: place Existential Existent There’s a man at the door Existential Existent Circum: place Universitas Sumatera Utara

2.3 Relevant Study