ACCCRN – City Vulnerability Assessment Report 49
categories. Improving livelihoods for these socioeconomic categories will be critical under climate change scenarios that can potentially increase the supply of cheaper labor through
immigration from hinterlands, which will reduce the bargaining power of the poor with limited skill sets. The current high demands for skills like domestic work and construction
labor due to reduced migration caused by rural employment guarantee schemes may be temporary. It also raises the issue of higher skills and education needs identified under
education index reported earlier.
4.9.3 Social Capacity Index
Social capacity index includes the presence of social groups, involvement in those groups and benefits derived from these groups. The social capacity depends on access to social networks
and benefits derived from these networks. The social networks include castestate based networks as well as access to local political systems. Since there is significant migration from
various states, the access to social networks also depend on the state of origin the respondents. The following Table 11 provides the estimates of proportion of persons from
various states in the city
Table 11: Indore: Estimated population by state of Origin GIS assisted analysis
Sl. No. State
Slums Lower
Middle Mixed
Upper City total
1 MP 76
79 69
88 76
74 2 UP
6 4
7 5
3 Maharashtra 5
2 5
8 4
4 Punjab 1
5 3
5 Rajasthan 1
2 3
1 2
6 Bihar 2
3 1
1 7 Gujarat
1 5
4 1
8 Others 8
10 11
7 12
10 Total
100 100
100 100
100 100
Source: TARU Primary Study, 2009
Maharashtra and UP are the main states of origin reported by the respondents. The city level estimates were worked out using GIS.
The social capacity index provides a basis for comparing the social network access across the SEC at city level. The analysis results are presented in the following Table 12.
ACCCRN – City Vulnerability Assessment Report 50
Table 12: Estimates Social Capacity Index range across Socio economic classes in
Indore city
Sl.- No.
Social Capacity Index
Slum Lower
Middle Mixed
Upper City
Total
1 0-2
- -
- 4
2 2-4
19 29
22 26
15 23
3 4-6
57 31
45 47
41 43
4 6-8
6 9
19 -
24 13
5 8-10
17 32
15 27
16 20
Grand-Total 100
100 100
100 100
100
Source: TARU Primary Study, 2009
The social capacity among the poor is comparable to that of other SECs in Indore. There has been a continuous building up of social capacity mainly due to number of poor focused
development programmes launched by the State and NGOs during last decade along with strong patronage culture developed by political parties.
It is common to find even the poor able to access the political leaders for getting better urban services as well as to express the grievances. Water supply is one such sector, where it is
easier to get the needsgrievances addressed through political patronage rather than formal grievance redressal system of the utility. Water scarcity has reportedly created strong sense of
cohesiveness among communities, born out of need for collective bargaining.
Due to this, many communities have been able to get community bore wells, water storage tanks and other facilities. It has also resulted in the political stakeholders using water as a
tool to garner support. Unfortunately this tendency sidelined the main issue of accountability and governance in water service delivery system. So despite fairly high social capacity, the
communities are unable to derive long term benefits from their social capacity.
Fragmented communities with low educational levels and knowledge are unable to raise the debate beyond the urgent issues that can be addressed by local leaders. This inability rises out
of history of patronage and backwardness of this region.
4.9.4 Drainage and Sewerage vulnerability index
