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in addition to meeting local needs. A total of 289 hospitals and pathological labs were reported in the city as per the statistics presented in the following Table 24.
Table 24: No. of health institutions in Indore
SI. No.
Type Nos.
1 Hospitals
180 2
Pathological Labs 109
Grand Total 289
Source: IMC, Indore
Hotels and Restaurants Indore which is well known for its history has different distinct cuisine and it is bustling
business city with large number of business men visiting on short trips. The city hotel infrastructure is often insufficient to meet the demands.
Table 25: No. of hotels and restaurants in Indore
SI. No.
Type Nos.
1 Hotels Restaurant
79
Grand Total 79
Source: IMC, Indore
A total of 4 hotels were surveyed. The total capacity was 148 rooms indicating an average of 37 rooms per hotel. The occupancy rate is near by 50 . Disaster impacts are reported
minimal except for water shortage in summer months. The major source of water supply for the hotels and restaurant is the Indore Municipal Corporation. Other than that MC water
supply, private takers and bore wells are supplementary sources of water supply in hotel industries in Indore. It is reported that none of the surveyed hotels and restaurant are aware
about rain water harvesting and energy efficiency measures.
4.11 CRGM model
Indore is a major city located in the Malwa plateau and is the one of the major commercial center of a rich agricultural region in which wheat, millet, corn, cotton, opium, and oilseed
are produced. It is emerging from being a center of cotton textiles, hosiery to a metal, automobile and chemical industries. The city is also emerging as a medical institution and
education hub. Founded in 1715, Indore rose to prominence under the Maratha dynasty of Holkars. In 1818 it was made a British protectorate and capital of the princely state of Indore,
which merged with Madhya Bharat in 1948.
Resources It is located in near the Watershed boundary in a drought prone, rain shadow zone, water
scarcity has remained a major issue in the city. The Indore municipal corporation manages the water supply, sewerage, roads and streetlights. Situated in Madhya Pradesh, which is one
of the less developed states of India, Indore city has been facing planningstrategizing and investment constraints in infrastructure development. Water resources are scarce and cannot
support high growth rates, which is largely induced by lack of large cities in the region to
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absorb push from water and land constraints and pull opportunities migrants from the hinterlands.
Government While water resources are scarce, the city municipality has not been able to tap the soft
options of leak reduction, water reuse etc and instead has been building water supply projects based on long distance high head pumping from Narmada. Each round of crisis has been
leveraged to install another phase of Narmada based water supply projects and currently Narmada Phase III is being implemented. The city loses about half of the water it generates at
the water treatment plants and has mostly non functional sewerage system and a single Sewage treatment plant whose outputs are discharged back in to the River without reuse.
While the city has been able to attract donor funds, it is unable to used it effectively to reduce poverty, nor able to improve the infrastructure. Water theft is significant in addition to
leakage losses. It provides an example of vicious cycle of scarcity, poor strategy and ineffective water resource management. The water department has not been effective in
bringing change and the elected body, by and large manages the water system through tanker supplies during the crisis periods. With the result, transient measures like alternate day
supply, power cuts during water supply periods to discourage direct pumping from mains is resorted to and have become a normal practice throughout the year.
The city government has taken several initiatives and donor funded projects, but most of them are unable to yield long term benefits to the citizens. A significant paradigm shift is
necessary to drive changes in this context.
The electricity supply also shows similar trend with tariff not matching the production costs and untargeted subsidies. The utility cross subsidises the electricity through higher tariff to
industry and trade sector and has little incentives to promote energy efficiency in industries and trade sector.
Communities These tactics have led to a variety of coping measures by the communities including
individual bore wells, deep pits to draw water from the pipelines, large household storage systems, private tankers etc. Some of the measures cannot be afforded by poor resulting high
differential access to water between poor and the rest. The poor sewerage and drainage has resulted in water logging and floods. Water fights between communities and organized
protests against municipality during summers has become common news in Indore, which often turns violent during peak summers. Community cohesion beyond the neighborhoods is
weak and the tendency to take organized action at neighborhood level upwards or to express demand is rather weak in Indore. The communities still depend to a great extent on municipal
water, but well off communities have developed a series of backup systems as reported earlier.
Markets In the perpetual scarcity conditions, market has been able to provide coping solutions through
semi-organised tanker supplies, bore well drilling services, overhead tanks and pumps as well as small to large capacity water purifiers addressing needs of households upwards. The
market also plays an important role in municipal tanker supplies, since the municipality has only limited number of tankers. Tanker and water equipment market is flourishing in Indore
largely due to inability of the IMC to provide sufficient quantity of water at household level.
Linkages The community to resource linkage is weakening due to over extraction of aquifers, which
has exhausted option of direct linkage between user and resource. Other possible linkages
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like rainwater harvesting, reuse of grey water etc have not been effective since the communities have not been able to take collective action at the neighborhood levels largely
due to disputes over capital and maintenance cost sharing.
The community government linkage exists, but is unable to meet the needs of the communities. Reliability and quality of services provided is insufficient to inspire confidence
among communities to increased willingness to pay for better services. Since the communities are not able to unite beyond the immediate crisis situations, they are unable to
influence the municipality to improve the services constructively. Most of the well intended plans by the municipality also get mired by controversies and the administration loses
interest. While negative criticism is so common, organized efforts to mediate and negotiate for better services are rare.
FIG. 23 : LINKAGES SHOWING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RESOURCES,
MARKET, COMMUNITY AND GOVERNMENT
Source: TARU analysis, 2010
Community-market linkages fill the gap left by the municipal water supply. Unfortunately the communities’ incapacity to unite results in individual bargaining instead of collective
bargaining leading to lower scales of operation and failed to achieve economy of scales. This has resulted in domination of tanker markets by several small operators, who collect water
through individual contracts with bore well owners. Also since there is no agency involved in educating and organizing groups around common clause, the status quo prevails. Building
consensus through continued social engineering is one of the options to pilot and to demonstrate to other communities and to engage the citizens in a larger platform over higher
level of debate. A few small- scale efforts have been tried and some of them are working at neighborhood levels, but neither these good practices are disseminated to other communities
nor these examples are highlighted in press and other media.
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4.12 Conclusions
