Definition of Adverbs Degrees of Comparison in Adverb Forming Adverbs Position of Adverbs .1 Adverb Positions

3. CLASSIFICATIONS OF ADVERBS IN ENGLISH

3.1 Definition of Adverbs

Adverbs are descriptive words that add to the meaning of a verb, an adjective, another adverb or a preposition. For examples: move silently silently describes the verb move remarkably cool remarkably describes the adjective cool very slowly very describes the adverb slowly half-way cross half-way describes the preposition across Here I will explain classifications of adverbs in English one by one.

3.2 Simple Adverbs

Thomson and Martinet 1986:24 states that simple adverbs, adverbs can be devided in six parts namely Adverbs of time, Adverbs of place, adverbs of number, Adverbs of manner, quality , or state, Adverbs of quantity, extent, or degree, Adverbs of affirming or denying. 6 Universitas Sumatera Utara

3.2.1 Adverbs of Time

Adverbs of time is an adverb is used to show the time. Adverbs of time consists of: now, then, since, before, ago, already, soon, immediately, instantly, presently, late, lately, early, afterwards, to-day, yesterday, tomorrow, etc. For examples: • I did this before • I went to Bali yesterday • You must work it as soon as possible • You must go to the mosque now • I have never been seen him before

3.2.2 Adverbs of Number

Adverbs of number is an adverb is used to state the number. Adverbs of number consists of: once, twice, thrice, again, firstly, secondly, thirdly, always, never, often, seldom, sometimes, etc. For examples: • She never comes to campus • I did it twice • I have ever been in Bali thrice • Sometimes, She likes look a bat man • I always miss you 7 Universitas Sumatera Utara

3.2.3 Adverbs of Place

Adverbs of place is an adverb is used to show the place. Adverbs of place consists of: here, there, thence, above, below, in, out, inside, outside, hither, within, without, far, near, etc. For examples: • You may sit here • The shop is far from here • My mother is out • I put money in my pocket

3.2.4 Adverbs of Manner, Quality, or State

Adverbs of manner, quality, or state is an adverb is used to state the manner, quality, or state. Adverbs of manner, quality, or state consists of: well, ill, badly, amiss, fluently, probably, thus, so, etc. For examples: • She did her work quickly • He did his work slowly • She speaks arabic fluently • I finished my assignment well 8 Universitas Sumatera Utara

3.2.5 Adverbs of Quantity, Extent, or Degree

Adverbs of quantity, extent, or degree is an adverb is used to state the quantity, extent, or degree. Adverbs of quantity, extent, or degree consists of: very, too, quite, much, almost, little, rather, so, half, partly, wholly, completely, entirely, totally, etc. For examples: • He is almost a heavy eater • You are quite right

3.2.6 Adverbs of Affirming or Denying

Adverbs of affiming or denying is an adverb is used to state the affirming or denying. Adverbs of affirming or denying consists of: yea, nay, yes, no, not, by all means, not at all, etc. For examples: • Yes, you are quite right • He did not go after all 9 Universitas Sumatera Utara

3.3 Interrogative Adverbs Interrogative adverbs is adverbs is used to asking a question.

3.3.1 Time

For example: • When did you come? • How long will you stay here?

3.3.2 Place

For example: • Where do you live? • Where are you going? • Whence have they come? • Whither are you going?

3.3.3 Number

For example: • How often do you eat? • How many time you visited Bali? 10 Universitas Sumatera Utara

3.3.4 Manner, Quality, or State

For example: • How did you do that? • How are you to-day?

3.3.5 Quantity or Degree

For example: • How far was that news true? • How long time you need to finished it?

3.3.6 Cause or Reason

For example: • Why did he leave? • Wherefore did she cry?

3.4 Relative Adverbs

These adverb has the same form with interrogative adverb but it as replacement for asking a question. So that, relative adverbs is a double part of speech. Relative adverbs can be devided in two parts namely, Antecedent based on word and Antecedent based on meaning. 11 Universitas Sumatera Utara

3.4.1 Antecedent Based on Word

For example: • This is the house where we live • Let me know the time when you will leave

3.4.2 Antecedent Based on Meaning.

For example: • The more wealth we have, the more we desire • The sooner you come, the better for me

3.5 Degrees of Comparison in Adverb

• If the word in one syllable comparative - “er” and superlative - “est” 12 Universitas Sumatera Utara Table 1. Comparative – “er” and superlative – “est” Positive Comparative Superlative Late Later Latest Long Longer Longest Loud Louder Loudest Near Nearer Nearest Soon Sooner Soonest • An irreguler adverbs 13 Universitas Sumatera Utara Table 2. An irreguler adverbs Positive Comparative Superlative Well Better Best Ill Worse Worst Badly Worse Worst Forth Further Furthest Far Farther Farthest Much More Most

3.6 Forming Adverbs

a Many of adverb has the same form with adjective. For examples: 14 Universitas Sumatera Utara Table 3. Forming adverbs Adjective Adverb Early Early Long Long Loud Loud Hard Hard Late Late Only Only Fast Fast Enough Enough 15 Universitas Sumatera Utara b Many adverb are modified by addition “ly” at the end of adjective. For examples: Table 4. Forming Adverbs Adjective Adverb Happy Happily Wise Wisely Tender Tenderly Clever Cleverly Free Freely Legal Legally Accurate Accurately 16 Universitas Sumatera Utara 3.7 Position of Adverbs 3.7.1 Adverb Positions Adverbs should come, if possible, next to the word or words they describe.

1. Adverbs which answer the question how are usually placed before or after the

verb or after the object. The adverb is never placed between a verb and its object. He worked carefully correct He carefully injected the patient correct He examined the patient carefully correct He examined carefully the patient incorrect

2. Adverbs which tell how often are placed between the subject and the verb for the

simple present tense: “We always lock the gate” If the verb has two or more words, the adverb is put after the first word of the verb: “We have never been robbed” If the verb is amisarewaswere, the adverb is put after the verb: “The shops are seldom open” 17 Universitas Sumatera Utara