A Brief Description Of Becoming A Translator In English

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A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF BECOMING A TRANSLATOR IN

ENGLISH

A PAPER

BY

NELLY M PARDOSI

REG. NO. :062202051

DIPLOMA III ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA

MEDAN

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Approved by

Supervisor,

Drs. H. MUHIZAR MUCHTAR, M.S NIP: 130809979

Submitted to Faculty of Letters University of North Sumatera in partial fulfillment of requirements for DIPLOMA (D-III) in English

Approved by

Head of English Study Program,

Dra. SYAHYAR HANUM, DPFE NIP: 130702287

Approved by the Diploma III of English Study Program

Faculty of Letters, University of North Sumatera as a Paper for the Diploma (D-III) Examination

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Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the D-III Examination of the Diploma III of English study Program, Faculty of Letters, University of North Sumatera.

The examination is held on the………

Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera Utara

Dean,

Drs. SYAIFUDDIN, M.A, Ph.D NIP: 130809978

Board of Examiner and Reader:

Examiner : Drs. H. MUHIZAR MUCHTAR, M.S

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AUTHOR ‘S DECLARATION

I, NELLY PARDOSI, declare that I am the sole author of this paper. Except where reference is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.

No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of the paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed :……… Date :………....

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COPYRIGAHT DECLARATION

Name : NELLY M PARDOSI

Title of paper : A Brief Description of Becoming a Translator in English Qualification : D-III/ Ahli Madya

Study Program : English

I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the discretion of the Librarian of the Diploma III English Study Program Faculty of Letters USU on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law or the Republic of Indonesia.

Signed : ………

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ABSTRAK

Perkembangn ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang pesat disaat-saat sekarang ini, juga pertumbuhan budaya, ekonomi, dan hubungan politik antarnegara yang terus berlangsung, telah menghadapkan umat manusia pada kesulitan-kesulitan luar biasa dalam penerimaan informasi yang perlu dan bermanfaat. Sampai saat ini belum ditemukan cara untuk mengatasi persoalan hambatan bahasa dan percepatan pemerataan pencapaian ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, baik dengan metode pengajaran tradisional maupun modern karenanya jika dunia ingin memenuhi kebutuhan-kebutuhan itu di hari ini maupun masa mendatang, diperlukan sebuah pendekatan baru terhadap proses balajar dan mengajar.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to thank and praise the Almighty God and his sole son Jesus Crist who has blessed and given me health, strength and help me in completing this paper, as one of requirement to get Diploma III certificate from English Program at Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera Utara.

Furthermore, on this occasion, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all people who have helped me in completing this paper.

1. Drs. Syaifuddin M.A,Ph.D, the Dean of Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera Utara.

2. Dra. Syahyar Hanum, DPFE the Head of English Diploma III Department who helped me in completing this paper. Thank you for your attention.

3. My Supervisor, Drs. H.Muhizar Muchtar,.M.S, and my reader Drs.

Yulianus Harefa, M.Ed, TESOL who has spent their time and attention in finishing this paper.

4. All lecture in English Diploma III Program who have taught and given me knowledge.

5. My beloved parents, S. Pardosi and R. Pane, who inspired me to keep fighting whatever the problems. Thank you for all love for me.

6. My brother and my young bother, Manatar, Riston, Jaksan, Edi and Henri who always support me and accompany me all my life. Keep entertaining me in whole of my life.

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7. My friend, Marni, Arni, Heri, Kristina, Yulis, K’Mei, K’Lina and Krista who helped me, supported me and given me attention in everything. 8. All the student in English Diploma III Program and my friends in Faculty

of Letters who have given a lot of attention during my study.

9. My special friends, Dippu Naibaho, who always made me spirit to face whatever the problems and supported me in my sadness. Thank you for your attention and your love.

Finally, I fully aware of the limitation of this paper in spite of her efforts to make it as possible. Therefore, she would be most grateful it the readers would supply her with any constructive criticism that might make this paper useful and accurate.

Medan, 27, Mei 2008 The Writer,

NELLY M PARDOSI Reg. No. 062202051

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TABBLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ... i

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ... ii

ABSTRACT ... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vi

Chapter I. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study... 1

1.2 Scope of Study ... 2

1.3 Purpose of Study ... 3

1.4 Significance of Study ... 3

1.4 Method of Study ... 3

Chapter II. BRIEF DESCRIPTION 2.1 Who Is Translator ... 4

2.2 The Role of the Translator ... 5

2.3 The Translator’s Motivation ... 6

2.4 The Tasks of the Translator ... 7

Chapter III. GUIDELINES FOR THE TRANSLATOR 3.1 Meaning of Translation ... 12

3.2 A Methodology for Translation ... 17

3.3 Technique of Translation ... 24

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Chapter IV.CONCLUSION AND SUGESTION

4.1 Conclusion ... 35 4.2 Suggestion ... 36

REFERENCES ... 37

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

According to Robinson (2005:20), study about translation and training become a translation no doubt again. It is a part could not are separated with relation intercultural and spreading of scientific and technology. Necessity for a new approach exactly in learning and teaching process, it is also felt in training translator program or interpreter almost world directive. How a good way so that they get linguistic and culture science, they also control the skill of learning and translation that will they needed so that became effectively professional.

The need for a reader is thus partly institution, created by the rapid growth of the discipline, especially as evidence by the proliferation of translation training not only professional translator training program worldwide. Recent surveys indicate graduate, training not only professional translator but also scholar-teacher of translation and of foreign languages and literatures Caminade, Pym, and Harris (1997) which was quoted from internet (http//www.seorang penerjemah.com)

Louis Kelly (1996: 24) which was quoted from internet (http//www.how become a translator.com) had argument that said a “complete” is translation theory has three components specification in function, goal descriptions and analysis of operation. Critical comment on relationships between goal and operation in translation can put in imagined as a set of changing relationships between the relative autonomy of the translated text or the scientific translator is

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action, and two other concepts equivalence and function. Equivalence has understood as accuracy, adequacy, correctness, correspondence, fidelity, orient, it is variable notion of how the of translation is connected to the foreign text. The function has understood as the potentiality of the translated text to release diverse effect, beginning with the communication information and the production of a response comparable to the one produced by the foreign text in its own culture. (Hatim, 1990 : 26)

In professional, learning slowly accurate and more analysis are making an exception than a principle and must be like that for academic training translation. Translator must be able to know problem that faced and slowed process to overcome problems with analysis and complex.

Therefore, I interested to discuss and chose the title “Becoming a Translator in English” and also the way learning translation.

1.2 The Scope of Study

In writing this paper, I try to limit the discussion of the problem as specific as possible based on the title, in this case I realize that it is far from being perfect, so I limit the scope of study only in describing how to become a translator. This paper is divided into four chapters. The first chapter deals with introduction, the second chapter is description of becoming a translator, the third is guidelines for the translator, the fourth or the last chapter shows the conclusion and suggestion.

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1.3 The Purpose of Study

There are three purposes in writing this paper as follows: a. To know how to become a translator

b. To know how the processing of translation.

c. To help the readers understand and could become good translators.

1.4 The Significance of Study

In discussion this paper, I hope this writing has a good significance for developing our knowledge for our life in the society, so I am as a writer discusse some of the significances as follows:

1. to give explanation about a professional translator 2. to add knowledge and spirit of the readers on this paper.

3. to fulfill the requirements for to graduating from Diploma III English Study Program ,Faculty of Letters, USU.

1.5 Method of Study

In collecting this manner, I do library research by reading and collecting some references from some books, beside that I also bought some books from the bookstore, by reading those books and looking some information from the website, so that I could get the materials to support study. These methods are really helpful in giving me important information.

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CHAPTER II

DESCRIPTION OF BECOMING A TRANSLATOR

2.1 Who is the Translator

Translators or enterpreters actually has imitator side and imitator theirself. These peoples develop their ability by extraordinary memory that help them to remember one word that they listen just once. (Robinson, 2005:13)

According to Robinshon (2005: 15) translators or interpreters is also a readers should absorb much knowledge by reading many books in some languages, fiction and nonfiction, technical materials, whish are useful for human being. They are thirst for the real life experiences such as they do travelling, stay in abroad for a long time, learning foreign culture and languages, and atention how the people around in using their languages. We often say that translator as our second job.

Generally, we can say a translators as scientist and artist, because that a translation is categorized as a sience. That is applied linguistic and also a art that is art of languages. A translators as a sience, a translator should to mastery of source language, mastery of receptor language and mastery of the main discussion from the translated text so that he can produce a translation fit with meaning and language style that fit with source language. (Ahmad, 1984: 9)

Experiences of a translator in trnslating many of text will increase their skill in translating. That is why, developing and increasing knowledge for a

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translator became a part of ethics code of translator. If a translator feel difficulty in looking for comparison and meaning of a term, so they must do research form refrences or from another references, because a good and qualify translators should to have high commitment and seriousness in doing career as a translator . A good translator is a generalist.

2.2.The Role of Translator

According to Sakri (1985 : 82) a translator must have at least three other characteristics if he is to excel in his work. First, he needs to have a sincere admiration for the formal features of the work to be translated, for without this he is unlikely to process either the patience or the insights necessary to reproduce a fully adaquate equivalent. Second, he should have a respect for the content of the text, or he is likely to shortchange the message.Third, he must be willing to expres his own creativity through someone else’s creation. These qualities may also involve the translator in certain serious liabilities. For example, his admiration for the form of the original text may include him to reproduce a disproportionate amount of that form or to feel compelled to weight down the text with numerous superfluous notes.

He may also be too easily temted to reveal his mastery of the text by introducing various formal subtleties, which may be pleasing to the receptor who also know the language of the source text (in which case he really does not need a translation) but misleading to receptors unacquainted with the source language. This is one of the series criticisms that can be brought against the translation a

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remarkably effective translation for persons who are already familiar with the Hebrew original, but often misleading much identification with the original text can lead to a tendency to try to improve on it by correcting its apparent inaccuracies and glossing over its stylistic weaknesses and failures. A tendency to alter the meaning of the text to fit the translator’s own presubpositions is too often found in translation made by those who most firmly declare their indenfication with the original message.(Hidayat,1995: 22)

Though these attitudes of translator mat at first seem to be unrelated to a framework for the analysis and evaluation of theories of translation, they do in fact have a great deal to do with the development of various theories and with the promulgation and justification af related principles of translation. They are also involved in the setting of standards and in the development of expectancies on the part of receptors.

2.3 The Translator Motivation

The translator motivation are inexcricably bound up with the socio-cultural context in which the act of translating takes palce. Consequently it is important to judge translating activity only within a socil context. Before there is translation, for example there has to be a need for translation. They need may be client-driven, as when someone commission, asks for or otherwise requires a translation, it is often market-driven, when publisher perceive demand for sa work foreign literature, it may even be translator, as when a work of ancient literature is translated or re-translated because someone feels that, by doing so, he or she can

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communicate something new. Moreover, the status of the source text as a social product, its intended readership , the socio economisc circumstances of its production, translation and reception by TL readers are all relevant factors in the study of the translation process.

From the eight century Caliph who had philosophers to the present day work af staff translators for international organisations, from the translation of the classics by gentlement-scholars to the evangelising work of Bible translators., tha activity of the translator has always been a function of, and influence upon, the social life of their times. Jarson 1996 which was quoted from internet (http//www.seorang penerjemah.com)

To study translation in isolation from the factors affecting their production in consequently to miss out and impotrtant dimension of the phenomenon. In fact, the social context of translating is probably a more important variable tahn the textual gendre, which has imposed such rigid distinction on types of translating in past. Division of this kind tend to mask certain fundamental similarities between text from diffrent field there are regulaties of discourse procedures which transcend the boundaries between genres and which it is aim to describe. (Hatim dan Mason, 1990: 12)

2.4 The Task of The Translator

According to Belt (1991, 67) is a translation meant for readers who do not understand the original? This would seem to explain adequately the divergence of their standing in the realm of art. Moreover, it seem to be only conceivable reason

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for saying “the samething” repeatedly. For what does a literary work “say”? what does it communicate? It “tells” very little to those who unerstand it. Its essential quality is not statement or the imparting of information hence, something inessintial. This is the hallmark of bad translatioans. But do we not generally regard as the essential substance of literary work, it contains in edition to informations – as even a poor tarnslator will admit- the unfthomable, the mysterious, the “poetic”, something that a translator can reproduce only if he is also a poet? This actually is the cause of another characteristic of inferior translation, which consequenly we may define as the inaccurate transmission of an inessential content. This will be true whenever a translation undertakes to serve the reader.

Remembered by Kusumatmatja (1984 : 26) translation is a mode. To

comprehend it as mode one must go back to the original, for what contains the law governing the translation: it translatability. The quations of whether a works is translatable has a dual ,meaning. Either will an adequate translator ever be found among the totality of it readers? Or more pertinently: does its nature lend itself to translation and therefore, in view of the significance of the mode, call effor it? In principle, the first quations can be decided only contingently; the second, however apodictically. Only superficial thingking will deny the independent meaning of the latter and decler both quations to be of equal significance if translation is a mode translatability must be an essential feature of certgai works.

Translability is an essential quality of certain works, which is not to say that it is essential that they be translated; it means rather that a spesific significane

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inherent in the original manifests itself in its translability. It is plausible that no translation, however good it many, can have any significance as regards the original. Yet, by virtue of its translatability the original is closely connected with the translations; in fact, this connection is all the close since it is no longer of inportance to the original. For a translation comes later than the original and since the importand works of world literature never find their chosen translators at the time of their original, their tarnslation marks their stage continued life. The idea of life and afterlife in works of ar should be regarded with entirely unmetaphorical objectivity. Even in times of narrowly prejudiced thought there was an inkling that life was not limited to organic corporeality. Tarnslation thatt are more than transmissions of subject matter come into being when in the course of its survival a work has reached the age of its fame. Contrary, therefore to the claims of bad translator such translation do not so much serve the work as owe their existence to it. The life of the original attains in them to its ever - renewed latest and most abundant flowering (Ahmad, 1984: 11)

Translation thus ultimately serves the purpose of expresing the central reciprocal relationship itself ; but in can represent it realizing it in embryonic attempt at making it visible is of so singular a nature that is rarely met with in the sphere of nonlingustic life. This, in its analogies and symbol, can draw on other ways of suggesting meaning than intensive-that is antipative, intimating-ralization.

Belt (1991 : 21) said the task of the translators consist in finding that intended effect upon the language into which he is translating which produces in it

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the echo of the original. This is feature of translation which basically differeniates it from the poet’s work, because the effort of the latter is never directed at the language as such at its totality, but solely and immediately at spesific libguistic contextual aspects. Unlike a work of literature, translation does not find itself in the center of the language forest but in the outside facing the wooded ridge; it calls into it without entering, aiming at that sigle spot where the echo is able to give, in its own language, the reveberation of the work in the alien one. Not only does the aim of translation differ from that of a literaly work – it intend language as a whole,taking an individual work a point af departure – but it is a different effort altogether. The itention of the poet is spontaneous,primary, garaphic; that of the translator is derivative, ultimate, ideational.

If the task of the translator is viewed in this light, the roads toward a solution seem to be all the more obsure and impenetrable. Indeed, the problem of ripening the seed of pure language in a a translation seem to be insoluble, determinable in no solution. For is not the ground cut from under such a solution if the reproduction of the ceases to be decisive? Viewed negatively, this is actually the meaning of all foregoing. The traditional consepts in any discussion of translation are fidelity and license – the freedom of faithfully reproduction and, in its service, eidelity to the word. These ideas seem to be no longer serviceable to a theory that looks for other things in a translation than reproduction of meaning. To be sure, traditional usage make these terms appear as if in constant conflict with each other. What can fidelity do for the rendering of meaning? (Machadi, 2000: 43)

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The basic error of the translator is that he preserves the state in which his own language happens to be instead of allowing his language to be powerful affected by the foreign tangue. Particularly when translating fom a language very remote from his own he must go back to primal elements of language itself and penetrate to teh point where work, image, and tone converge. He must expand and deepen his laguage by means of thr foreign language. It is not generally realized to what extent this is posible, to what extent any language can be transformed, how language differs from language almost the way dialect differs from dialect; however, this last is true only if one takes language seriously enough, not if one takes it lightly (Ahmad, 1984: 78)

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CHAPTER III

GUIDELINES FOR A TRANSLATOR

3.1 Meaning-Based Translatioon 1. Form and Meaning

According to Rudi (2008: 3) form is the structural part of language which is actually seen in print or heard in speech: refers to actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs which are spoken of a language. Surface structure of a language.

Meaning translation consist of transfering the meaning of the source language into the receptor language, by going from the form of the first language to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure. It is the meaning which is being transferred and must be held constant. Only the form changes. Someone who knows both the source language and the receptor language can make the transfer very rapidly. However for complicated texts, he should study the process of translating by semantic analysis.

Characteristics of language which affect translation:

• First meaning components: sometimes a single word should be

translated by several words.

• Second, same meaning component will occur in several surface

structure lexical items: a word chicken where the word cock and hen also include the meaning chicken.

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• Third, one form will be used to represent several alternative meanings. Most words have more than one meaning, primary and secondary meaning.

So grammatical markers also have their primary function and other secondary function.

We have seen that one form may express a variety of meanings and a single meaning may be expressed in a variety of form. Therefore, it is often necessary to change the form when translating to keep the meaning constant. The characterictics of “skewing” (the diversity or lack of one-to-one correlation between form and meaning) is the basic reason that translation is a complicated task.

2. Kinds of Translation

There are two main kinds of translation:

 Literal (form-based), attempt to follow the form of the source language, known as literal translation. Sounds like nonsense and ha

 Idiomatic (meaning-based), make every effort to communicate the meaning of the source language text in the natural forms of the receptor language, called idiomatic translation.

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3. The semantic structure of language

Deep stucture is semantic structure (the meaning): things, events, attiributes or relations. Grammatical, lexical, phonological stucture of language : conjunction. Prepositional phrase, noun phrase etc, we call as surface structure. As a sample of deep structure = semantic structure like this

Ex. Christine met Jack on the corner. Christine and Jack talked.

Jack left. Christine left.

As a sample of surface structure = grammatical sturucture as a follow :

Ex. 1. Christine met Jack on the corner. They talked. Jack left. Then Christine left, too.

2. Christine met Jack on the corner. After they talked, Jack left and then Christine left.

Things include all animate beings, natural and supernatural and all inanimate entities (ghost, boy, angel, stone blood), events include all actions, canges of state (process) and experiences (eat, run, think, stretch, smile), atttibutes include all those atttibutes of quality and quantity ascribed to any thing or event (long, thick, slowly, few,all), and relations include all those relations posited between any two of the above semantic units (by, with, because, since, and, therefore, after). Rudi (2008: 12)

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Semantic Structure Vs Grammatical Structure

 THINGS ... = nouns, pronouns

 EVENTS ... = verbs

 ATTRIBUTES ... = adjectives, adverbs

 RELATION ... = conjunctions, prepositions, particles, enlitics,etc According to Muhizar (2007: 26) Hierarchy of semantic structure and grammatical structure

 Meaning component .. ... morpheme

 Concept ... ... word

 Complex concept ... ... pharase

 Proposition ... ... clause

 Propositional cluster .. ... sentence

 Semantic paragraph ... ... paragraph

 Episode ... ... section

 Episode cluster ... ... Division

 Semantic part ... ... Part

 Discourse ... ... Text

4 Implicit Meaning

Kinds of Meaning

1.Referential meaning refers to a certain thing, event, attribution, or relation which a person can perceive or imagine (apple, Jhon, car etc).

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2.Organization meaning puts the referential information together into a coherent text, is signaled by deictics, repetition, grouping and many other features in grammatical structure (it for the apple, he for John that refers to one entity in a text)

3.Situational meaning, the relationship between writer and the addessee that bring cultural background and many other situational matters. (A friend may call Prof. George Bush as Prof, Bush in a seminar and call him George in an informal circumstance)

5. Steps in a Translation Project

a. Evaluation

Make sure no addition, deletions or change of information have crept in. The purpose of evaluation is (1). Accuracy, wherher the translation communicate the same meaning, (2) clearness, whether the audience understand it clearly, (3) naturalness, whether the form of translation is easy to read and natural in grammar and style.

b. Revised draft

Made on the basis of the feedback received after evaluation over any rewording and or misundestanding.

c. Consultation

Consult the quality of the translation as to meaning, naturalness and its potential acceptance by the audience

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d. Final Draft

Check them again with mother tangue speakers to be sure they are warranted and make any other minor changes including format to be published along with editing for spelling and punctuation.

3.2 Methodology For Translation

In this case it is understood that more complex methods have to be used which at first may look unusual but which nevertheless can permit translators a strict control over the reliability of their work: these procedures are called onlique translation methods. In the listing which follows, the first three procedures are direct and the others oblique. According to Widyamartaya (1995, 85) there are some procedures for translation as follows:

Procedure 1 : Borrowing

To overcome a lacuna, usually a metalinguistic one, borrowing is the simplest of all translation methods. It would not even merit discussion in this context if translator did not occasionally need to use it in order to create a stylistic effect. For instance, in order to introduce the flavour of the source language(SL) culture into a translation, foreign terms may be used such Russian words as “roubles”, “datchas” and “ aparatchik” , “dollar” and “party” from American English. In a story with a typical English setting, an expression such as “ the coroner spoke” is probably better translated into French by borrowing yhe English

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term “coroner”, rather than trying to find a more or less satisfying equivalent title from amongst the French magistrature.

Translator are partucularly interested in the newer borrowing, even proposal ones. It must be remembered that many borrowing enter language through translation, just like semantic borrowing or faux amis, whose pitfalls translator must carefully avoid. The decision to borrow a SL word or expression for introducing an element of local colour is a matter of style and consequently of the message. (Karnadijaya, 1986: 78)

Procedure 2 : Calque

A calque is special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression form of another, but then translates literally each of its elments. The result is either

i a lexical calque, as in the first example, below a calque which respects the syntactic structure of the TL, whilst introducing a new mode of expression; ii a structural calque, as in the second example, below, which introduces a

new construction into the language, English-French calque

Compliments of the Season ! compliments de ;la saison

Science-fiction Science-fiction

As with borrowing, there are many fixed calques which, after a period of time, become an integral part of the language. These too, like borrowing, may have undergone a semantic change, turning them into faux amis. Translators are more

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interested in new calques which can serve to fill a lacuna, without having to use an actual borrowing. This would avoid awkward calques, such as:

French calque English source

Therapic occupationnelle occupational therapy

Le Premier Francais the French Premier

Les quatre Grands the four great powers

Procedure 3 : Literal translation

Literal of word for word, translation is the direct transfer of a SL text into a gramatically and idiomatically appripriate TL text in which the translators’ task is limited to observing the adherence to the linguistic servitudes of the TL

I left my spectacles on the table J’ai laisse mes lunettes sur la table en

downstairs. bas

where are you? Ou etes-vous?

Hidayat (1995: 114), in principle, a literal translation is a unique solution which is reversible and complete in itself. It is most common when translating between two languages of the same family, and even more so when they also share the same culture. If literal translation arise between French and English, itis bacause common metalinguistic concepts also reveal physical coexistence, periods of bilingualism, with the conscious or unconscious imitation which attaches to a certain intelectual or political prestige, and such like. Karnadidjaya (1986: 80)

If, after trying the first three procedures, translator regard a literal translation unacceptable, they must turn to the methods of oblique translation. By unacceptable we mean that the message, when translated literally.

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1. gives another meaning, or 2. has no meaning, or

3. is structurally imposible, or

4. does not have a corresponding expression within the metalinguistic experience of the TL, or

5. has a corresponding expression, but no within the same register.

Procedure 4 : Transposition

The method called transposition involves replacing one words class with another without changing the meaning of the message. Biside being a special translation procedure, transposition can also be applied within a language. For example: “Il a annonce qu’il reviendrait”, can be re-expressed by transposing a subordinate verb with a noun, thus: “Il a annonce son revour”. In contrast to the first expression, which we call the base expression, we refer to the second one as the transposed expression. In translation there are two dictinct types of transpositing : (i) obligatory transposition, and (ii) optional transposotion.

The following example has to be translated literally (procedure 3), but must also be transposed (procedure 4):

Des son lever... As soon as he gets/got up... As soon as he gets up... Des son lever...

Des qu’il se leve

In this example, the English allows no hoice between the two forms, the base form being the only one possible. Inversely, however, when translating back into

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French, we have the choice betweeb appling a calque or a transposition, because French permits either construction.

Procedure 5: Modulation

Modulation is variation of the form of the message, obtained by a change in the point of view. This change can be justified when, although a literal, or even transposed, translation result in a gramatically correct utterance, it is considered insuitable, unidiomatic or awkward in the TL.

As with transposition., we distinguish between free or optional modulations and those that are fixed or obligatory. A classical example of on obligatory modulation is the phrase, “The time when...”, which must be translated as “Le moment ou...” The type of modulation which turns a negative SL expression into poositive TL expression is more often than not optional, even though this is closely linked with the structure of each language.

It is not difficult to show... Il est facile de demontrer...

The difference between fixed and free modulation is one of degree. In the case of fixed modulation, translators with good knowledge of both languages freely use this method, as they will be aware of the frequency of use, the overall acceptance, and the confirmation provided by a dictionary or grammar of the preferred expression.

Case of free modulation are single instances not yet fixed and sanctioned by usage, so what the procedure must be carried out a new each time. This, is not what qualifies it as optional; when carried out as it should be, the resulting

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translation should correspond perfectly to the situation indicated by the SL. To illustrate this point, it can be said that result of a fre modulation should lead to a solution that makes the reader exclaim. Free modulation thus tend towards a unique solution, a solution which rests upon an habitual train of thought and which is necessary rather than optional. (Kamil, 1992: 45)

Procedure 6: Equivalence

In such cases we are dealing with the method which produces equivalencet texts. The classical example of equivalence is given by the reaction of an amateur who accidentally hits his finger with a hammer: if he were French his cry of pain would be transcribed as “Aie”, but if he were English this would be interpreted as “Ouch!”. Another striking case of equivalence are the many onomatopoeia of animal sounds. (Hizkey, 2001: 30)

The method of creating equivalence is also frequently applied to idioms. For example, “To talk through one’s hat” and “a like as two peas” cannot be translated by means of a calque. Yet this is exactly what happens amongst members of so-called bilingual populations, who have permanent contact with two languages but never become fully acquainted with either. It happens, nevertheless, that some og these calques actually become accepted by the other language, especially if they relate to a new field which is likely to become established in the country of the TL.

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Procedure 7: Adaptation

With this seventh method we reach the extreme limit of translation: it is used in those cases where the type of situation being referred to by the SL message is unknown in the TL culture. In such cases translators have to create a new situation that can be considered as being equivalent. Adaptation can, therefore, be described as a special kind of equivalence, a situational equivalence. Let us take the example of an English father who would think nothing of kissing his daughter on the mouth, something which is normal in that culture but which would not be acceptable in a literal rendering into French. Translating,” He kissed his daughter on the mouth” by “Il embrassa sa fille sur la bouche”, would introduce into the TL an element which is not present in the SL, where the situation may be that of a loving father returning home and greeting his daughter after a long journey. Adaptation are particularly frequent in the translation of book and film titles:

Trois hommes et un couffin Three men and a baby. [film]

Le grand Meaulnes The Wanderer. [book title]

The method of adaptation is well known amongst simultaneous interpreter: there is the story of an interpreter who, having adapted “cricket” into “Tour de France” in a context referring to a particularly popular sport, was put on the spot when the French delegate then thanked the speaker fot having referred to such a typically French sport. The interpreter then had to reverse the adaptation and speak of cricket to his English client.

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3.3 Translation Tecnique

According to the Collins English Dictionary a tecnique is a practical method, skill, or art applied to a particular task. We will more understand if we look discussion about translation techniq. Translation tecniq will be related with practise step and overcome the problem. (Machadi, 2000: 34)

I. Function text and Technique Translation

According to Machadi (2000: 36), beside to produce lexsical and gramatical semantic a translator should to atention function text in his translation, example he must look instrument of language that used to create a function.

TS I : Vokatif Function

We shuold continue to promote South-North co-operation even as we enhance South co-operation. We should be pragmatic and realistic. We must expect and be prepared for same diversion of OECD trade and aid resources from the developing world to East Europe and Russia.

Above text is shape of vocatif function appear from instrument language that used. This text fill a instruction and persuade through instrument language “we” and”should” also “must” in English show a affair support solidarity sentiment Peter (1987) quoted from internet (http//www.How become a translator.com). Looks following version that strove reproduction function.

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TR-Ia

Seharusnya kita meningkatkan kerja sama Selatan-Utara bahken ketika kita meningkatkan kerja sama Selatan-Selatan. Kita harus pragmatis and realistis. Kita mestilah mengantisipasikan dan bersiap-siap bahwa akan ada pengalihan perdagangan OECD dan sumber-sumber dana bantuan dari negara-negara berkembang ke Eropa Timur dan Rusia.

Using instrument is match with used in source translation show reproduction of function effort and do not some with next text

TR-Ib

Seharusnya ditingkatkan kerja sama Selatan-Utara bersamaan dengan peningkatan kerja sama Selatan-Selatan. Ada keharusan untuk pragmatis dan realistis. Seharusnya diantisipasikan dan dipersiapkan adanya pengalihan perdagangan OECD dan sumber-sumber dana bantuan dari negara-negar a berkembang ke Eropa Timur dan Rusia.

TR-Ib is imperative explain than persuading (Ex. 'imperative for pragmative’ ‘imperative for antisipate’ and so on). There are changing function, it is from function vocative to informatif (information about the imperative).

Thus, there are semantic distortion that atribute spread all and change purpose of original writer. By special techniq (ignore using instrument “we”) so will happend moving of function text in a translation and appear cases on problem.

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TS-II : Aesthetic Function

In translation, all of manifestation aesthetic usually produced by translators.

This sample can give illustration. Diluar salju terus. Hampir pagi. Tubuhmu terbit dari berahi. Angin menembus. Hilang lagi.

Nafasmu membayang dalam dingin. Mencari. (Goenawan Mohamad, 1971)

TS-Ia:

Outside snow falls. Almost day. Your body shaped in desire. The wind pierces. And depart.

Your breath a shadow in the cold. Searching. (Harry Aveling, 1975)

If we look original lyrics, is visible that this writing expressly appear rhyme through sound [i] fo every line of lyrics. But form and sound of rhyme not strove for version of their translation. (Machadi, 2000: 45)

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II. Translation Technique

Other to look kind of text, a translator also should to look literary style that used for text source translation. Example, in following sentences a deliver news use formal style “powerful” with exploit aspect the connotation meaning. Here, a writer use adjective that invite reader emotion.

TS III

The Non-aligned mofement is determined to actively participate in all efforts towards a succesful resolution of hotbeds of crises in the world irrespective of their historical or contemporary causes ensuring that solution are not imposed by outside powers to the detriment of the interest of the parties directly concerned.

Using words / phrases that underline show the style “powerful”. Compare, example, if underline words changed with more neutral, example ‘is determined’ changed with ‘decides’ and adjective or adverb should to lose. Course literal style will different and original not “powerful”. A translator must produce words or text source translation. The following translation do not show effort this reproduction.

Text TR III

Gerakan Nonblok merasa terpanggil unruk ikut dalam usaha meredakan ketegangan, dalam ragka mencari solusi atas setiap krisis yang terjadi di dunia ini. Dalam usaha tersebut, Gerakan Nonblok berupaya agar kekuatan luar tidak ikut campur.

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We can see here that released from pragmatic comparison, version of receptor translation not parable with literary style (not “powerful”), it is too much use aespect denotation than connotation meaning such as delivery usual fact. (Machadi, 2000: 50)

III. Translation Techniq and Functional Various

A translator must look literary various in his translation. As sample, do a translator chose (a) spina or (b) duri as a translation of spine (s). Here could be explained that chose the words depend of various kind in phrase thorns spines in

old reef sediment? If scientific is popular so version (b) is suitable because the

readers is general; but, if scientific and tecnisi so version (a) is suitable, because the reader limited. Following delivered text that contain above sentences.

TS IV

Some scientict believe that the discovery of crown of thorns spines in old reef sediments indicates that population explosions have occurred from time to time in the past humans became a factor in reef ecology

(Lokakarya Penerjemahan III, PPPJ-FSUI, 1993)

If the readers biologist the version translation so below version could be received. TS Iva

Sebagian ilmuan percaya bahwa penemuan “s”pina ‘crown of thorns’ dalm endapan karang tua menunjukkan bahwa ledakan populasi telah

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terjadi dari waktu di masa lampau sebelum manusia menjadi suatu faktor dalm ekologi terumbu.

For the version vesible that other using special terms (spina and bold words) version of receptor translation nearer to source language, either their structure or their words. Version like that have been enough to understood by them who specialist in biologist fields.

IV. Translation Technique and Dialect

According to Nababan (2003: 23) a translator must atention dialect (either geographies dialect or temporary and chronolect dialect) in translation. So there are dialect of Middle Jave and East Java for Java language (geography dialect), and there are contemporary dialect and ancient dialect (chronolect). Of course, all of this important to looked by a translator example in translating dialect of

character in a drama. As a sample is translation the following sentence into Indonesia.

TS: I don’t have no money, brothers!

Dialect that used in TS version show dialect a language that usually used by Negro society in America. We can see for using negative sign (don’t and no). If it translated into Indonesia, this substandar or as well to defended like following version. (Nababan M.R , 1997)

TR (1): (Betawi Dialect) gue kagak punye doku TR (2): (Malang dialect) aku nngak punya uang, rek!

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Lexical different between gue and aku, kagak and nggak, doku, uang and rek show different of geographies dialect.

Temporal and chronolect dialect also can appear problem in translation, like from old language Java into English. This following sample show changing temporal dialect that not important.(authenticity translation)

TS : Kita sering menghadapi pertanyaan...

TR : We are oftentimes faced with a question...

Using oftentimes rather ancient and has been rare used, that disagree with dialect original text (compare with using often).

3.4 Procedure Translation

Machadi (2000: 60) Moving form is procedure of translation that implicated changing grammatical form from resource language to receptor language. There are forth types of moving form.

1. Moving form obligatory and automatic caused by system and principle of language. In this thing, a translator could not have another choice beside do it.

2. Moving is done because fittingness idiom; sometimes enable there are literal translation thorough grammatical structure the parable is not natural or stiff in receptor language.

3. Moving is done if grammatical structure not thing in receptor language. 4. Moving is done to fill discontinuous of vocabularies by using grammatical

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The first types of movement form

Indonesian’s translator into English, on the contrary they should to do moving of transposition form:

a) Some of plural nominal in English to be singular in Indonesia Ex:

English Indonesia

A pair of trousers sepasang celana

A pair of glasses sepasang kacamata

b) Repeating adjective on adjective in Indonesia that means show variety implied in adjective to be plural the nominal in English.

Ex: SL: Rumah di Jakarta bagus-bagus RL: The houses in Jakarta built beautiful

c) Adjective + nominal to be nominal + given adjective Ex: SL: beautiful women

RL: wanita yang cantik

The second types of moving form

The second types of moving form done if grammatical structure in source language nothing in receptor language. The moving form always implied there are choices.

1. laying of object in front of the Indonesia language nothing in concept structure grammatical of the English, except in passive sentences or

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special structure, so that will happened of moving form to be structure usual news sentence.

Example:

ST: Buku itu harus kita bawa RT: We must bring the book

2. laying of verb front of Indonesia language do not usual in English structure, except in imperative sentences.

Example:

ST: berbeda penjelasannya RT: the explanation differs

ST: Telah disahkan penggunaannya RT: Its usage has been approve

The third types of movement form

The third kind of moving appeared if one expression in source language will be translate literally in receptor language by grammatically, but its parable is stiff in receptor language like the following sample. (Kamil, 1992: 66)

(a) Nominal/phrase nominal in source language to be verb in receptor

language Ex:

ST: …..to train intellectual men or the persuits

RT: ‘untuk melatih para intelektual untuk mengejar kehidupan intelektual’ of on intellectual life.

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If above phrase translated literally, so its sound to be ‘melatih para intelektual pengejaran kehidupan intelektual’, but its phrase is stiff in source language to be nominal + nominal in receptor language.

Example:

English Indonesia

Adjective + nominal nominal + nominal

Engineering technique ‘teknik (pe) rekayasa (an)’

Medical student ‘mahasiswa kedokteran

(b) Clause such as (underlined) form in source language will be stated fully and explicit in receptor language.

Example:

ST: the approval signed by the doctor is valid RT: ‘persetujuan yang ditandatangani oleh…….’

language to be nominal + clause in receptor language Example:

Adjective + nominal nominal + clause

Lending bank bank yang memberikan pinjaman

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The forth types of movement

The moving forms this type done with purpose to fill asymmetry lexical in receptor language by use grammatical structure.

Example:

ST: perjanjian inilah yang dipacu

RT: ‘it is this agreement which is referred to’ (not anything else) (Machadi, 2000: 56)

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CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSSION AND SUGESTION

4.1 CONCLUSSION

We know that the translation is the most important knowledge that can be used to change one idea from one language to another language. For the translating, someone can not master the foreign language in widening his knowledge only by reading some books to absorb the knowledge.

Translator or interpreter is also a reader who should absorb much by reading many books in some languages as well as , fiction and nonfiction, technical materials, useful for human being. A profesional translator could not make a big mistakes so that they should not try to translate faster. The task of the translator consist of finding that intended effect upon the language into which he is translating which procedure in it the echo of the original. If the task of the translator is viewed in this light, the roads toward a solution seem to be all the more obscure and impenetrable.

The basic error of the translator is that he preserves the state in which his own language happens to be instead of allowing his language to be powerful affected by the foreign tongue. As a guideline for a translator they should understand meaning of translation, methodologi of translation, technique of translation and procedure of translation.the advantage of becoming a translator, he can communicate with foreigners and it will be easy for him/her to get jobs in some countries and also could many experiences with other people.

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4.2 SUGGESTION

I suggest to all people that to know the knowledge of the foreign languages also can be done thruogh translation. So, I hope that all people put on attention on the translation. I also would like to suggest so that a translator not only read or translate a text based on word by word, because in translation it is needed to combaine some words, phrases and clauses. Even in translation sometimes we should use logic in one sentence or paragraph. There are some suggesting for a translator so that she/he could become a professional translator, they are as follow:

1. A Translator should really understand meaning of translation. The most important thing we can change the form of source language into receptor language or from receptor language into source language. 2. A translator should know a methodology for translation. He or she

should start by borrowing procedure, calque, literal translation, transposision, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation.

3. A translator also shoul know the procedure of translation and its technique when he and she translates from English into Indonesian, or Indonesian into English.

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REFERENCES

Belt, Roger. T. 1991. Translation and Translation : Theory and Practice. London: Longman.

Hatim, B & Mason, I. 1990. Discourse and the Translator. New York: Longman Inc.

Hickey, Leo. 2001. The Pragmatics of Translation. Philadelphia: Multilingua l Matters.

Hidayat, Rahayu. 1995. Menginterpretasi untuk Menerjemahkan (Interpreter pour

Traduire): Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa Deb P dan K.

Kamil R.AG. 1992. Teknik Membaca Texbook dan Penterjemahan. Yokyakarta: Kansius.

Karnadidjaya, Udaya dkk, 1986. Buku Materi Pokok Tranlation: Universitas Terbuka, Debdikbud.

Kusumatmadja, Mochatar. 1984. Unofficial Translation: Department of Foreign Affair of Republic of Indonesia.

Machadi, Rochayah. 2000. Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah. Jakarta : PT. Grasindo. Muchtar Muhizar M.S. 2007. Translation. Medan: Fakultas Sastra USU.

Nababan, M.R. 1997. Aspek Teori Penerjemahan dan Pengalihbahasaan. Surakarta.

2003. Teory Menerjemah Bahasa Inggris. Yokyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. Robinshon, Douglas. 2005. Menjadi Penerjemah Profesional. Yokyakarta:

PUSTAKA PELAJAR.

Sakri, Adjat. 1985. Ihkwal Menerjemahkan. Bandung: ITB

Siregar, Ahmad. 1984. Penataran Penerjemahan Buku Ajar Perguruan Tinggi. Bogor: Cisarua.

Sofian, Rudi. Terjemahan. Medan : Facultas Sastra USU

Widyamartaya. A 1989. Menerjemahkan. Yokyakarta: KANSIUS.

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(1)

Example:

English Indonesia

Adjective + nominal nominal + nominal

Engineering technique ‘teknik (pe) rekayasa (an)’

Medical student ‘mahasiswa kedokteran

(b) Clause such as (underlined) form in source language will be stated fully and explicit in receptor language.

Example:

ST: the approval signed by the doctor is valid RT: ‘persetujuan yang ditandatangani oleh…….’

language to be nominal + clause in receptor language Example:

(2)

The forth types of movement

The moving forms this type done with purpose to fill asymmetry lexical in receptor language by use grammatical structure.

Example:

ST: perjanjian inilah yang dipacu

RT: ‘it is this agreement which is referred to’ (not anything else) (Machadi, 2000: 56)

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CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSSION AND SUGESTION

4.1 CONCLUSSION

The basic error of the translator is that he preserves the state in which his own language happens to be instead of allowing his language to be powerful