B. Concept 1. Morphology
Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.
8
Kentjono defines morphology is “A study concerned about internal structure of grammatical word, hence
morphology commonly called the order of word or grammar form.” It means that morphology is concerned withthe internal structure of the
word.
9
McCarthy defines morphology as the scope of grammar concerned with the structure of words and relationship between words involving the
morphemes that compose them.
10
In this term, morphology does not only exposethe structure of words but also the structure of morphemes as the
basic unit of analysis.
2. Morpheme
The linguistic term for the most elemental unit of grammatical form is morpheme.
11
The definition of morpheme based on Stageberg is a short segment of language that has three criteria such as: 1 It is a word or
a part of a word that has meaning. 2 It cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts without violation of its meaning or without meaningless
remainders. 3 It recurs in differing verbal environments with a relatively
8
Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyams. An Introduction to Language. 7
th
Edition, New York: Heinle, 2003, p.76.
9
Djoko Kentjono. Morfologi in Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik by Kushartanti, Untung Yuwono, and Multamia RMT Lauder. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama,
2005, p.144.
10
Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy. An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Great Britain: Edinburgh University Press, 2002, p.16.
11
Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyams, op. cit., p.76.
stable meaning.
12
It means that a morpheme can be a meaningful single word or a piece of word. Second, a morpheme is meaningless if it is
divided into smaller parts. Last, morpheme has a stable meaning even in the different verbal occasion.
Morpheme is classified into two types, they are, free and bound morpheme. Free morpheme is morphemes that can stand by themselves as
a single word, for example, open and tour. Bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot normally stand alone and is typically attached to
another form, such as re-, -ist, -ed, and –s.
13
Free morpheme can come alone as a single word and it has own meaning without adding other
morphemes. Moreover, bound morpheme cannot come alone as a single word and need to add by other morphemes to be a meaningful word.
3. Word Formation Process a. Affixation
Plag defines affix as a bound morpheme that attaches to bases.
14
An affix can be possessed in the beginning or the end of a base. Affix that appears in the beginning of base is prefixes such as un- and mis-, while
affix that appears in the end of the base is suffixes such as –less and
12
Norman C. Stageberg. An Introductory English Grammar. 3
rd
Edition, Iowa: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976, p.95.
13
George Yule. The Study of Language. 4
th
Edition, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2010, p.68.
14
Ingo Plag. Word-Formation in English. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2003, p.72.
ish.
15
Another example of suffixes are –ing in word sleeping and-er in word beautifier.
16
While another example of prefixes are de- in word decomposition, and anti- in word antivirus.
17
b. Conversion
Yule states conversion is a process of forming a word where the word does not have a reduction while it has a change in the function of
word.
18
Bauer has the similar argue that conversion is the change in form class of a form without any corresponding change of form.
19
Hence, conversion is process of forming a word without any reducing the base
form of words but changing the function words. A conversion process can occur in noun becoming verb the bottle
becoming to bottle, verb becoming noun to call becoming a call, adjective becoming verb better becoming to better, and adjective
becoming noun poor becoming the poor.
20
c. Clipping
Clipping, based on Adams, is the process by which a word of two or more syllables usually a noun is shortened without a change in its
15
George Yule. The Study of Language. 4
th
Edition, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2010, p.59.
16
Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyams. An Introduction to Language 7
th
edition, New York: Heinle, 2003, p.78.
17
Ingo Plag. Word-Formation in English. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2003, p.99-100.
18
Yule, op. cit., p.57.
19
Laurie Bauer. English Word Formation. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 1983, p.32.
20
Plag, op. cit., p.107-108.
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