Procedural Steps in the Analysis of Diagnostic Components

changing surroundings. 59 Hence context is the meaning of utterance where the situation which is changing gradually based on the speech takes place. Hyems argued that situation in which the utterance takes place influences the interpretation of objective and effect of the utterance. He abbreviates the word SPEAKING to distinguish sixteen component of “speech event.” 60 First, S stands for Setting, it involves time, place and other physical condition the utterance take place. For example, the conversation takes place in the classroom. Then, Scene involves the psychological counterpart to setting or a changing of setting of the utterance. A changing of formal to informal conversation held by the participant, for example. P stands for Participants, it involves people who participate in the conversation, it can be the speaker or sender. For instance, the participant can be a student and a teacher. 61 Next, E stands for Ends, it involves the purpose and outcome of one utterance. For example, the conversation purpose is giving advice to the student, and outcome the student obey the teacher’s advice. A stands for Act Sequence, it refers to the form and content of the message in the utterance which uttered. The content of the conversation, for example, is giving advice to the students to finish the paper. K stands for Keys, it 59 Jacob L. Mey. Pragmatic: An Introduction. 2nd Edition, United States: Athenaeum Press, 2001 p.39. 60 J. Renkema. Discourse Studies: An Introductory Textbook. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co., 1993, p.43. 61 Ibid, p.44. refers to tone used by someone in the conversation. For instance, the teacher uses serious tone with the students. 62 I stands for Instrumentalities. It refers to instrument which is used in the conversation, it can be the channel: written, telegraph or spoken: dialect or standard language. For example, the students use standard language to the teacher. N stands for Norms, it refers to norms and rules of interaction such as interruption and norms of interpretation in the conversation. For example, the student applies the interruption norm when talks to the teacher. G stands for Genres, it refers to types of the conversation. For example, the teacher gives lecture to the students. 63 62 J. Renkema. Discourse Studies: An Introductory Textbook. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co., 1993. p.44. 63 Ibid. p.44.