person can act unselfishly. Maslows model indicates that fundamental, lower- order needs like safety and physiological requirements have to be satisfied in
order to pursue higher-level motivators along the lines of self-fulfillment. Maslow makes hierarchical diagram, sometimes called Maslows Needs
Pyramid or Maslows Needs Triangle. There are Psychological Needs, Safety needs, Social Needs, Esteem Needs and Self-Actualization Needs. The first need
that has to be fulfilled is the psychological needs because it contains of basic needs. People can get the higher motivation to achieve the other needs after the
psychological needs are fulfilled. Briefly, after a need is satisfied it stops acting as a motivator and the next need one rank higher starts to motivate.
4. The Triangular Theory of Love
The triangular theory of love is developed by psychologist Robert Stenberg. The theory characterizes love within the context of interpersonal
relationships by three different components: First, intimacy which encompasses feelings of closeness, connectedness. Second, passion which encompasses drives
that leads to romance, physical attraction, and sexual consummation. Third, commitment which encompasses, in the short term, the decision to remain with
another and in the long term, the shared achievements and plans made with that other. The balance among Sternberg’s three aspects of love is likely to shift
through the course of a relationship.
Different stages and types of love can be explained as different combinations of these three elements, such as:
a. Liking
This intimate liking characterizes true friendships, in which a person feels closeness and warmth with another but not intense passion or long-term
commitment.
b. Infatuated love
Infatuated love is often what is felt as love at first sight. But without the intimacy and the commitment components of love, infatuated love may disappear
suddenly.
c. Empty love
Sometimes, a stronger love deteriorates into empty love, in which the commitment remains, but the intimacy and passion have died. In cultures in which
arranged marriages are common, relationships often begin as empty love.
d. Romantic love
Romantic lovers are bonded emotionally as in liking and physically through passionate arousal.
e. Companionate love
Companionate love is often found in marriages in which the passion has gone out of the relationship, but a deep affection and commitment remain.
Companionate love is generally a personal relation you build with somebody you share your life with, but with no sexual or physical desire. It is stronger than
friendship because of the extra element of commitment. The love ideally shared
between family members is a form of companionate love, The love ideally shared between family members is a form of companionate love, such as the love
between deep friends or those who spend a lot of time together in any asexual but friendly relationship.
f. Fatuous love
Fatuous love can be exemplified by a whirlwind courtship and marriage in which a commitment is motivated largely by passion, without the stabilizing
influence of intimacy.
g. Consummate love
Consummate love is the complete form of love, representing the ideal relationship toward which many people strive but which apparently few achieve.
Sternberg cautions that maintaining a consummate love may be even harder than achieving it. He stresses the importance of translating the components of love into
action. Without expression, he warns, even the greatest of loves can die Stenberg, 1987, p. 341.
5. The Psychoanalytical Psychology
Sigmund Freud is the founder of Psychoanalysis. Freud suggested that behavior is determined by the unconscious mind, a repository of repressed
impulses and desires, of which the waking mind is completely unaware, but determine the way we think, feel, and act.
Freud stated that all behaviors are motivated by the desire to feel pleasure. That motivation is organized and directed by two instincts: sexuality Eros, and
aggression Thanatos. Freud conceptualized both these instincts as being powered by a form of internal psychic energy that he called the libido. Libido is
the pleasure principle, or basic psychic energy. It can perhaps be considered equivalent chi or parana of esotericism and yoga.
Freud proposed the evocative metaphor of the psyche as like an iceberg; only the upper 10 of it is visible i.e. conscious; the rest is submerged and
unseen unconscious. According to Freud, we are born with our Id. The id is an important part
of our personality because as newborns, it allows us to get our basic needs met. Freud believed that the id is based on our pleasure principle. In other words, the
id wants whatever feels good at the time, with no consideration for the reality of the situation. When a child is hungry, the id wants food, and therefore the child
cries. When the child needs to be changed, the id cries. When the child is uncomfortable, in pain, too hot, too cold, or just wants attention, the id speaks up
until his or her needs are met. The id doesnt care about reality, about the needs of anyone else, only its
own satisfaction. Babies are not real considerate of their parents wishes. They have no care for time, whether their parents are sleeping, relaxing, eating dinner,
or bathing. When the id wants something, nothing else is important. Within the next three years, as the child interacts more and more with the
world, the second part of the personality begins to develop. Freud called this part the Ego. The ego is based on the reality principle. The ego understands that other
people have needs and desires and that sometimes being impulsive or selfish can
hurt us in the long run. It is the egos job to meet the needs of the id, while taking into consideration the reality of the situation.
By the age of five, or the end of the phallic stage of development, the Superego develops. The Superego is the moral part of us and develops due to the
moral and ethical restraints placed on us by our caregivers. Many equate the superego with the conscience as it dictates our belief of right and wrong.
In a healthy person, according to Freud, the ego is the strongest so that it can satisfy the needs of the id, not upset the superego, and still take into
consideration the reality of every situation. Not an easy job by any means, but if the id gets too strong, impulses and self gratification take over the persons life. If
the superego becomes too strong, the person would be driven by rigid morals, would be judgmental and unbending in his or her interactions with the world.
The theory of psychology is applied because this study will use psychological approach to answer the problem formulation. Psychological
approach emphasizes the use of psychology theories to analyze the personality and behavior patterns shown in the literary works. As stated in the beginning, this
study focuses on intrapersonal conflicts and the way to solve the intrapersonal conflicts.
B. Context of the Novel
The context of Jane Austen’s Emma is about marriage and matchmaking. In the beginning of the novel describes about the marriage of Miss Taylor and Mr.
Weston. Almost the whole chapters in the novel are about how Emma tries to
make matches for her friend named Harriet. First, Emma tries to make-making Harriet with the vicar of Highbury, Mr. Elton. Emma persuades Harriet to refuse a
proposal from Mr. Martin because of his class condition and choose Mr. Elton as her lover. Unfortunately, it backfires toward Emma. Mr. Elton has expressed his
love to Emma instead of Harriet. In another situation, Emma tries to find clues that Harriet might be fall in
love with Frank Churchill. Frank Churchill has helped Harriet from gypsies and this fact ensures Emma to match Frank and Harriet, but Harriet says that she falls
in love with Mr. Knightley, someone that Emma loves. This condition makes Emma realizes that the idea of matchmaking comes from her own heart to get a
good husband for herself. Fortunately, Mr. Knightley also has the same feeling too with Emma. They love each other. Frank announces his engagement with Jane
Fairfax after his aunt passed away. Harriet meets again with Mr. Martin and he has proposed her for the second time. In the end of the novel describes about the
marriage between Jane Fairfax and Frank Churchill, Harriet and Mr. Martin, and also Emma with Mr. George Knightley.
1. The Situation when Jane Austen wrote Emma
Austen was aware of the relationships between the domestic and the foreign and the new national or, perhaps more properly stated, patriotic
consciousness. This new consciousness, especially of the English aspect of Britishness, is most clearly articulated in Emma, published in 1815. Alongside
her other novels, including Mansfield Park and Sanditon, which introduce the
colonial domain, Emma became a particularly potent example of national cultural effort—comparable in eventual influence with the projection of the British
military and economic system consolidated through the Napoleonic Wars. Austen’s picture of English social order and scenery came to exemplify the
supposed pre-eminence of British culture during Empire [here defined as operating fully between 1837-1957], with the advent of postcolonial conditions,
the texting out of the harsher realities of the British imperial system. This latter revisionist reading of British culture and regime gathered momentum and even
critical hegemony after the publication of Edward Said’s Orientalism in 1978. Consequently this essay seeks to reposition Austen’s fiction and especially her
brief definition of English culture in Emma within both Austen’s own historical context and much later Orientalist discourse by examining the latent Orientalism
and global interactions that influenced culture and aesthetics during the period in which Austen was writing.
The interconnection between economicstrategic and culturalliterary power, examined in the Orientalist and Postcolonial discourses, operated in
Austen’s personal life through the service of her brothers Francis and Charles in the Royal Navy, the paramount institutional agent of Empire.1 Emma was
published in December 1815, six months after the final military event of the Napoleonic Wars, the Battle of Waterloo, was fought. The novel’s narrative,
however, was confined to locations in England and to a patently perceived if not always overtly defined sequence of built environments. These environments
parallel the ordered structure—or narrative architecture—of her storytelling as
they perform a comparable function of articulation and assertion of cultural identity and value. As Stephen Clarke has demonstrated, buildings and the built
and natural environment are essential attributes of Austen’s literary. Real estate and the income from resource extraction and agricultural, urban, and industrial
development that real estate yielded extended directly into the transfer of dynastic advantage through the social ritual of courtship and marriage so central to
Austen’s narrative. Furthermore, the majority of the architecture described briefly in Austen’s fiction reflects the local adaptation of imported design models.
Taken from: http:www.jasna.orgpersuasionson-linevol28no2windsor- liscombe.htm Date of access on October 12, 2010.
2. Setting in the Novel
The setting of place in Emma is in Highbury, England. The setting of time is in the first decades of the nineteenth century. For Austen the use of small towns
probably has something to do with the fact that there aren’t any superheroes. Everybody in Highbury knows everything about everybody else. That means that
all the little quirks and odd habits of each person in town are well and widely- known facts. There may not be any heroes – but because of this, Austen can show
us how irritating, silly and even lovable most ordinary people are. Hartfield, Emma and Mr. Woodhouse’s home, functions as the geographical
center of the novel. Just about any excursions away from Hartfield become Momentous Occasions in Mr. Woodhouse’s mind, at least. Mr. Knightley walks
from Donwell Abbey to Hartfield just about everyday. It is obviously not that far
away. When the rest of the characters have to trek out to the Abbey, however, it’s a huge occasion – requiring planning, picnics, and even a donkey for Mrs. Elton.
Hartfield is the house in the novel.
