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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter includes two parts, namely theoretical description and theoretical framework. The theoretical description presents some important concepts related to
the research. The concepts are: 1 Perception, 2 Factors that affect person in perceiving the stimuli to make perception, 3 Perception on Learning, and 4
Speaking. Moreover, the theoretical framework consists of summary from the theories that will be used to solve the research problems.
A. Theoretical Description
In this section, the researcher discusses the theory related to this study. There are three related theories to be viewed. The theories are Perception, Perception on
Learning, and Speaking.
1. Perception
The understanding of perception can be derived from some sources. According to Worchel and Shebilske 1998:117, perception is the process of interpreting
information. Huffman et al. 1997:79 stated that perception is a process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data into usable mental representations of the
world. Moskowitz and Orgel 1969: 158 argued that perception is a global response to a stimulus or a set of stimuli. According to Szilagyi and Wallace 1980:70,
perception is defined as a process by which individuals attend to incoming stimuli, organize, and then interpret such stimuli into a message that in turn indicates an
appropriate action or behavior. From those definitions, perception can be viewed as a conscious mental and
cognitive process of observing, comprehending, and responding about particular PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
thing, in which a person tries to translate the stimuli that he or she receives. Those responses occur in people’s awareness through their sensory receptors. Then, these
responses will be interpreted as meaningful information about the stimuli and so called perceptions.
Not every person can have exactly the same perception about particular things, even though the object is the same. It is because people percept something based on
their feeling of subjectivity and their experience in the past. It is supported by Mouly 1973:93 who said that two persons looking at the same phenomenon may see very
different things. As stated by Wick and Pick 1978: 171-208, there is a connection between perception and experience. They stated that perception and experience are
related to one another. This condition shows that perception occurs as our responses in learning or experiencing our environment. According to Gibson J, John M and
James H. Donnely 1985:60, perception is a cognitive process that individuals use to interpret and understand the world around them. Perception can be made through the
cognitive process in our mind. Sometimes perception may change and the changes depend on the stimulus that
someone has experienced. Moskowitz and Orgel 1969:159 said that most perceptions are developed and modified through reinforcement and through feedback
from his own behaviour. It means that perception can change based on the new experiences that someone recently get. However, perception is not always formed by
someone’s experience. There is another possibility to form perception that is based on others’ opinion. When the stimulus from others’ opinion is so strong, this
situation could affect someone’s perception without any experience which comes from him or herself. It means that the perception is created by stimuli received by his
