30 the conversations that is humorous. In this research, the conversation will be placed
and situated at the basic rules within conversation and how the characters negotiate and exchange the information which give arise to humor in form of comedy and
intend to amuse the audience. This involves noting the role of joking regarding 1 language games: turn taking, intruding, parting, greeting, closing, questioning,
bridging uncomfortable gaps, “winding down the conversation”, encouragement, warning, etc. 2 intention of the speaker, e.g. to relieve embarrassment, save face,
etc. With the knowledge of Grice maxims, the humorous conversations are evaluated by using known building blocks: adjacency pairs, turns and other
standpoints from basic structure of conversation. Since the research focuses its concern in humorous conversation resulted from the violation of cooperative
maxims, it is oblique to examine how the speakers violate those maxim. Here, the categories of the non-observance maxims take place. Those set of theories are
helpful to explain phenomena of violation maxims in humorous conversation and answer the first research question.
It is noted that humor depends on the interactants’ negotiation of values in a similar to Veatch’s description of verbal humor. Veatch 1998 determines a
funny violation of normal situation or a subject moral order by incorporating an affective component into his theory. One important vehicle for humor production
is the generation of conversational implicature originating in some form of flouting or violation of maxims Grice, 1978: in humorous talk, speakers code and decode
messages and publicly display their knowledge of what is going on. This complex interactional work or, as Grice calls it, “Conversational game” is also visible on
31 the level of exchange structure. In usual events, the conversational moves are
usually concurrently predicted, and or, paired between the inquiry and the exchange boundaries. In conversational humor, however, results to blurred exchange
boundaries. Explicitly, the humorous effects resulted from flouting of basic formal language rules Vandaele, 2002, p. 150.
Standing under a concept of incongruity theory, the humorous conversations are appreciated. Humor which arises from the violation of maxims resulting from
unusual conversation is still a dependent idea of humor production Raskin, 1985; Morreal, 1987 and Attardo, 2007, p. 108. In sitcom, there are some ‘props’
supporting the idea of humor the violation maxims which help the audiences to understand that the text is supposed to be funny such as visualization of current
situation Morreal, 1987 and Trizenberg, 2008, p. 536. By using the GTVH, the elements knowledge resources are inspected. This theory later will shows the
contribution of the non-observance maxims as the idea for condition of humor production in creating humorous effects. Attardo 1997 compares the GTVH with
the incongruity-resolution theories and points out that LM one of the knowledge resources is in fact the resolution of the incongruity.
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, the methodology helps the researcher to conduct the designed research. The research is to discuss how maxims are violated viz.
flouting, violating, infringing, suspending by the characters of sitcom in the conversation with the reference of cooperative maxims principle, and how the
violation maxims took place in creating humorous effects. The scope of this chapter includes research methodology, object of study, instruments and data gathering
technique, data analysis technique, and research procedures.
A. Research Method
Humor analysis is also in the same kind of conventional qualitative research in other respects, which is characterized by a naturalistic orientation to the
investigation. The instance or setting in which the data is collected is expected to be as close to the natural state as possible. Sen 2012 conveys, the analysis of
humor can also be naturalistic in its orientation. If the specific instances of humor which mostly are jokes are gathered from regular conversations i.e. spontaneous
and unscripted, then the data can be classified as those from naturalistic setting. Sen adds, if the jokes are embedded in the script of movies, as the research does,
then there is still an air of quasi-naturalness about them and that can provide insightful information about humor that is publicly acceptable in the society. Humor
analysis can follow the same method of inductive analysis. Instances of humor are
32
33 mined from conversations or printed matter such as movie scripts and then analyzed
for common themes or pattern. This research observed how the humorous utterances occurred by
discovering the violations of cooperative maxims principle, which later were linked to incongruity theory and the GTVH. Discussing how humor was built up in the
movie, this research identified conversations among characters at the discourse level. The research employed the approach of discourse analysis a spoken
discourse analysis in relation to disobedience maxims using non-observances of CP terms of framework to create humorous effects.
According to brown and yule 1983 in general, a tape-recording of an event
is the data to work on, from which then it is transformed into a written transcription, annotated according to the research interests on a particular occasion. However,
since this research took the data from movie series, which then the verbal interaction is presented using normal orthographic conventions; any details of intonation, non-
verbal interaction setting and rhythm which supports the analysis would be verbalized as well. In discourse analysis, the data is treated as the record text of a
dynamic process in which language was used as an instrument of communication in a context by a speaker to express meanings and achieve intentions discourse.
Then, the researcher seeks to describe the regularities in the linguistic realizations used by people to communicate those meanings and intentions.
Discourse analysis takes the communicative function of language as its primary area of investigation and consequently seeks to describe linguistic from,
not as a static object, but as a dynamic means of expressing intended meaning. In
34 this research, the discourse was treated as a process view Widdowson, 1979, p. 71,
Brown and Yule, p. 24. The words, the phrases and the sentences which appear in the textual record of a discourse to be the evidences of an attempt by a producer
speaker to communicate his message to a recipient hearer. This research focused on the productions of utterances which logically elicited humorous effects. The
data then experienced the process interpreting. These involve computing the communicative function how to take the meaning, message, using general socio-
cultural knowledge facts about the world and determining the inferences to be made.
B. Research Setting
The setting of the research refers to the setting in which the research was conducted. The researcher conducted this research during the period of August
2014 to July 2015. The research experienced the process: analyzing the scripts; categorizing the utterances into each proper type of maxims; identifying and
describing the utterances with the references of local management within conversation theory and non-observance maxim theory; describing the role of
disobedience maxims in creating humorous effects; and the last was summing up the findings.
C. Objective of Study
The object of the research was the episodes of sitcom How I Met Your Mother season 2. Season 2 of How I Met Your Mother aired from 18 September,
2006 to May 14, 2007 and contained 22 episodes. The subject was selected because
